THESCHOOLOFFRANZBRENTANO Nijhoff International Philosophy Series VOLUME 52 General Editor: JAN T. J. SRZEDNICKI Editor for volumes on Applying Philosophy: ROBERTO POLl Editor for volumes on Logic and Applying Logic: STANISLAW J. SURMA Editor for volumes on Contributions to Philosophy: JAN T. J. SRZEDNICKI Assistant to the General Editor: DAVID WOOD Editorial Advisory Board: L. Broughton (University of Cambridge); R.M. Chisholm (Brown University, Rhode Island); Mats Furberg (Goteborg University); D.A.T. Gasking (University of Melbourne); H.L.A. Hart (University College, Oxford); S. Komer (University of Bristol and Yale University); H.I. McCloskey (La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne); 1. Passmore (Australian National University, Canberra); A. Quinton (Trinity College, Oxford); Franco Spisani (Centro Superiore di Logica e Scienze Comparate, Bologna); R. Ziedins (Waikato University, New Zealand) The titles published in this series are listed at the end o/this volume. The School of Franz Brentano edited by Liliana Albertazzi University ofTrento. Trento. Italy Massimo Libardi Centro Studifer la Mitteleuro Trento. Trento. Italy and Roberto Poli University ofTrento. Trento. Italy SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V. A c.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-90-481-4628-4 ISBN 978-94-015-8676-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-015-8676-4 Printed an acid-free paper AII Rights Reserved © 1996 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1996 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1996 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means. electronic or mechanical. including photocopying. recording or by any information storage and retrieval system. without written permission from the copyright owner. To Enzo Melandri In memoriam TABLE OF CONTENTS ANALYTICAL TABLE OF CONTENTS IX FOREWORD XV INTRODUCTION. BRENTANO AND HIS SCHOOL: REASSEMBLING TIlE PUZZLE I Liliana Albertazzi, Massimo Libardi and Roberto Poli 1 1. FRANZ BRENTANO (1838-1917) I Massimo Libardi 25 PART I: THE PUPILS 81 2. ANTON MARTY 1847-1914 I Liliana Albertazzi 83 3. CARL STUMPF 1848-1936 I Karl Schuhmann 109 4. ALEXIUSMEINONG 1853-1920 I Dale Jacquette 131 5. CHRISTIANVONEHRENFELS 1859-1932 I Reinhard Fabian 161 6. EDMUND HUSSERL 1859-1938 I Liliana Albertazzi 175 7. KAZIMIERZTWARDOWSKI 1866-1938 I Roberto Poli 207 PART II: TOPICS AND INFLUENCES 233 8. ACT, CONTENT, AND OBJECT I Wilhelm Baumgartner 235 9. INTENTIONALITY I Johannes Brandl 261 10. HIGHER-ORDER OBJECTS / Paolo Bozzi 285 11. LOGIC IN THE BRENTANO SCHOOL / Peter Simons 305 Vlll 12. LOGIC AND THE SACHVERHALTI Barry Smith 323 13. TRUTH THEORIES I Roberto Poli 343 14. REISMINTHEBRENTANISTTRADITION I Jan Wolenski 357 15. THEORIES OF VALUES I Luigi Dappiano 377 16. FROM KANT TO BRENTANO I Liliana Albertazzi 423 INDEX OF TOPICS 465 INDEX OF NAMES 467 ANALYTICAL TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION. BRENTANO AND HIS SCHOOL: REASSEMBLING THE PUZZLE / Liliana Albertazzi, Massimo Libardi and Roberto Poli 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. THE PROBLEM OF BRENTANO'S INVISIBILITY 3 3. BRENTANO BETWEEN ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY AND PHENOMENOLOGY 7 4. THE SCHOOL 8 5. BRENTANO'S SCHOOL AND AUSTRIAN PHILOSOPHY 15 6. THE THEORETICAL INTEREST OF THE SCHOOL OF BRENTANO 17 7. CONCLUSION 20 8. BIBLIOGRAPHY 20 1. FRANZ BRENTANO (1838-1917) / Massimo Libardi 25 1. BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION 25 2. THE DIFFICULT EXPOSITION OF BRENTANO'S THOUGHT 29 3. HIS ARISTOTELIAN TRAINING 32 4. PSYCHOLOGY FROM AN EMPIRICAL STANDPOINT 35 5. MEREOLOGY 38 6. INNER PERCEPTION 40 7. DESCRIPTIVE PSYCHOLOGY 43 8. THE THREEFOLD DIVISION OF PSYCHIC PHENOMENA 46 9. PRESENTATION 49 10. JUDGMENT 50 11. NOMINAL SEMANTICS 52 12. THE BRENTANIAN REFORM OF LOGIC 53 13. FEELING ACTS 56 14. ETHICS 56 15. THEORY OF RELATIONS 57 16. THEORY OF INTENTIONALITY 59 17. THE CONTINUUM 61 x 18. THEORY OF INTERNAL TIME 64 19. REISM 67 20. BIBLIOGRAPHY 70 TABLE OF CROSS-REFERENCES 79 PART I: THE PUPILS 81 2. ANTON MARTY 1847-1914 I Liliana Albertazzi 83 1. BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION 83 2. DESCRIPTIVE AND GENETIC METHOD 85 3. MARTY'S PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE. AN INTRODUCTION 86 4. MARTY'S DOCTRINE OF MEANING 93 5. REISM AND THE ANALYSIS OF CONSCIOUSNESS 95 6. SUBJECTLESS AND THETIC JUDGMENTS 98 7. FROM EXISTENTIAL JUDGMENTS TO DOUBLE JUDGMENTS 100 8. MODIFICATION 100 9. THEORY OF LANGUAGE 102 10. CRITICISM OF LANGUAGE 103 I I. BIBLIOGRAPHY 104 TABLE OF CROSS-REFERENCES 108 3. CARL STUMPF 1848-1936 I Karl Schuhmann 109 I. BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION 109 2. SOME MATERIAL DIFFICULTIES 113 3. STUMPF'S EMPIRICAL PSYCHOLOGY 115 4. A LOGIC IN BRENTANIAN STYLE 121 5 . METAPHYSICS AS THE GENERAL SCIENCE OF REALITY 124 6. BIBLIOGRAPHY 128 TABLE OF CROSS-REFERENCES 129 4. ALEXIUS MEINONG 1853-1920 I Dale Jacquette 131 I. BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION 13 I 2. MEINONG'S APPRENTICESHIP TO BRENTANO 133 3. THE INTENTIONALITY THESIS IN DESCRIPTIVE PHILOSOPHICAL PSYCHOLOGY 137 4. LOGIC AND PHENOMENOLOGY: HOFLER, MEINONG, AND TWARDOWSKI ON THE ACT -CONTENT -OBJECT STRUCTURE OF THOUGHT 139 5. GEGENSTANDSTHEORIE: EXISTENT AND NONEXISTENT OBJECTS 142 6. ONTIC NEUTRALITY IN LOGIC AND SEMANTICS: PROBLEMS FOR MEINONG'S OBJECT THEORY 146 7. WERTTHEORIE: VALUES IN EMOTIONAL PRESENTATION 150 8. MEINONG'S PHILOSOPHY IN THE BRENTANIAN LEGACY 152 9. BIBLIOGRAPHY 154 TABLE OF CROSS-REFERENCES 159 5. CHRISTIAN VON EHRENFELS 1859-1932 I Reinhard Fabian 161 I. BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION 161 xi 2. THE TWO TEACHERS: BRENTANO AND MEINONG 164 3. EHRENFELS' THEORY OF VALUE 165 4. BRENTANIAN FOUNDATION OF ETHICS 168 5. BIBLIOGRAPHY 172 TABLE OF CROSS-REFERENCES 174 6. EDMUND HUSSERL 1859-1938 / Liliana Albertazzi 175 1. BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION 175 2. IN VIENNA 177 3. DESCRIPTIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND THE PHILOSOPHY OF ARITHMETIC 179 4. THE TEMPORAL CONTINUUM 183 5. INTENTIONALITY 185 6. EXPRESSION AND MEANING 188 7. HUSSERL' S DESCRIPTION OF MEANING 191 8. ADEQUACY, EVIDENCE, TRUTH 192 9. NOESIS AND NOEMA 193 10. FROM DESCRIPTIVE PSYCHOLOGY TO PHENOMENOLOGICAL PHILOSOPHY 195 11. BRENTANO-HUSSERL: A RELATIONSHIP 199 12. BIBLIOGRAPHY 200 TABLE OF CROSS-REFERENCES 206 7. KAZIMIERZTWARDOWSKI 1866-1938/ Roberto Poli 207 1. BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION 207 2. TWARDOWSKI'S PHILOSOPHICAL STYLE 208 3. METAPHYSICS AND SCIENTIFIC PHILOSOPHY 209 4. CONTENT AND OBJECT 210 5. DETERMINATION AND MODIFICATION 212 6. OBJECTLESS PRESENTATIONS 213 7. TWARDOWSKI'S THEORY OF THE OBJECT 214 8. THE PARTS OF THE OBJECT 215 9. THE PARTS OF CONTENT 218 10. DIRECT AND INDIRECT PRESENTATIONS 219 11. TWARDOWSKI AND KANT 220 12. GENERAL PRESENTATIONS 221 13. APPENDIX: THE LVOV-WARSAW SCHOOL 223 14. BIBLIOGRAPHY 228 TABLE OF CROSS-REFERENCES 23 1 PART II: TOPICS AND INFLUENCES 233 8. Acr, CONTENT, AND OBJEcr / Wilhelm Baumgartner 235 1. PHENOMENA 236 2. PHYSICAL PHENOMENA 238 3. QUALITATIVE CONTENT ASCRIBED TO OBJECTS 241 4. TEMPORALITY OF OBJECTS OR TEMPORALITY OF OUR RELATIONS TO OBJECTS? 242 5. MODES OF RELATIONS TO THE OBJECT 243 6. THE CONCEPT OF EXISTENCE 245 XII 7. PSYCHICAL PHENOMENA 246 8. 'INTENTIONAL IN-EXISTENCE' OF PHENOMENA 250 9. THE ACT-CONTENT DISTINCTION 253 10. BIBLIOGRAPHY 256 TABLE OF CROSS-REFERENCES 259 9. INTENTIONALITY / Johannes Brandl 261 I. INTENTIONALITY PAST AND PRESENT 261 2. INTENTIONALITY AND REPRESENTATION 264 3. BRENTANO'S RULE 266 4. INTENTIONALITY AND PRESENTATION 269 5. INTENTIONAL INEXISTENCE AND THE NONEXISTENCE PROBLEM 272 6. ARE INTENTIONALLY INEXISTING ENTITIES SUBJECTIVE ENTITIES? 273 7. ARE INTENTIONALLY INEXISTING ENTITIES REAL ENTITIES? 275 8. ARE INTENTIONALLY INEXISTENT ENTITIES IDENTICAL WITH THE ENTITIES WE HAVE BELIEFS ABOUT, THINK ABOUT, DESIRE, ETC? 277 9. A FINAL OUESTION 281 10. BIBLIOGRAPHY 282 TABLE OF CROSS-REFERENCES 284 10. HIGHER-ORDEROBJECfS / Paolo Bozzi 285 1. INFERIORA AND SUPERIORA 285 2. STIMULI AS ENTIA RATIONIS 287 3 . MULTIPLYING THE NUTS 288 4. ESSE EST PERCIPI 293 5. OBSERVATIONS ON COLOURS 294 6. TEMPORAL STRUCTURES 296 7. THE CASE OF THE LIVED PRESENT 301 8. BIBLIOGRAPHY 303 TABLE OF CROSS-REFERENCES 304 11. LOGIC IN THE BRENTANO SCHOOL / Peter Simons 305 1 . TERMINOLOGY 305 2.BRENTANO 306 3. HUSSERL 310 4. MEINONG 314 5 . TWARDOWSKI AND THE INFLUENCES OF THE BRENT ANO SCHOOL 318 6. BIBLIOGRAPHY 320 TABLE OF CROSS-REFERENCES 321 LOGIC AND THE SACHVERHALT / Barry Smith 323 1. THE PROVINCE OF LOGIC 323 2. PREHISTORY OF THE SACHVERHALT 324 3. BRENT AN IAN IMMANENTISM 327 4. FROM OBJECTS TO SACHVERHALTE 329 5. CONTENT AND OBJECT 330 6. SACHVERHALT, OBJECTIVE AND PROPOSITION 332 7. LOGIC AND THE SACHVERHALT 335 xiii 8. REAL SEMANTICS 338 9. BIBLIOGRAPHY 339 TABLE OF CROSS-REFERENCES 341 lRUTH TIIEORIES / Roberto Po Ii 343 1. THEORIES OF CORRESPONDENCE 343 2. FRANZ BRENTANO 344 3. DEVELOPMENT OF THE THEORY OF TRUTH AS EVIDENCE 347 4. ANTON MARTY 349 5. ALEXIUS MEINONG 350 6. EDMUND HUSSERL 351 7. BIBLIOGRAPHY 353 TABLE OF CROSS-REFERENCES 355 REISM IN THE BRENTANISTTRADITION / Jan Wolenski 357 BIBLIOGRAPHY 373 TABLE OF CROSS-REFERENCES 375 TIIEORIES OF V ALVES / Luigi Dappiano 377 1. THE TWO AUSTRIAN SCHOOLS IN THE THEORY OF VALUES 378 2. HISTORICAL SETTING 381 3. THE ECONOMIC SCHOOL 382 4. THE PHILOSOPHICAL STANDPOINT: FRANZ BRENTANO 384 5. THE ECONOMIC APPROACH: CARL MENGER 388 6. ATTEMPT AT A SYNTHESIS - 1: ALEXIUS MEINONG 391 7. ATTEMPT AT A SYNTHESIS - 2: CHRISTIAN VON EHRENFELS 395 8. DEVELOPMENTS OF ECONOMICS - 1: EUGEN VON BOHM-BAWERK 398 9. ATTEMPT AT A SYNTHESIS - 3: OSKAR KRAUS 400 10. DEVELOPMENTS OF ECONOMICS - 2: FRIEDRICH VON WIESER 404 1 1. THE AUSTRIAN MODEL 407 12. FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS: NICOLAI HARTMANN AND EDMUND HUSSERL 414 13. APPENDIX: THE SUBJECTIVIST FRAMEWORK IN ECONOMICS 417 14. BIBLIOGRAPHY 419 TABLE OF CROSS-REFERENCES 422 KANT IN THE BRENTANIAN TRADITION / Liliana Aibertazzi 423 1. INTRODUCTION 423 2. WHATIS TRANSCENDENTAL? 426 3. THE (TRANSCENDENTAL) 'OBJECT IN GENERAL' AND THE 'GENERAL OBJECT' 428 4. THE THREE CATEGORICAL DEDUCTIONS IN THE TWO EDITIONS OF KRITIK DER REINEN VERNUNFT 429 5.