African-Centred Solutions Building Peace and Security in Africa Editors Sunday Okello and Mesfin Gebremichael Copyright © 2016 Institute for Peace and Security Studies, Addis Ababa University Printed in Ethiopia First published: 2016 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electoronic or mechanical including photocopy, recording or inclusion in any information storage and retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the Institute for Peace and Security Studies. The views expressed in this book are those of the authors. They do not necessarily reflect the views of the Institute. ISBN: 978-99944-943-3-0 Table of Contents Chapter One Introduction by Sunday Angoma Okello ................................................... 1 Chapter Two Interrogating the Concept and Ideal of African-Centred Solution to African Peace and Security Challenges By Amadu Sesay ..................... 21 Chapter Three Enriching the African-Centred Solutions Concept: Reflections on AU-led Peace Support Operations in Sudan and Somalia By Dawit Yohannes ....................................................................................................... 47 Chapter Four South Sudan: Exploring African–Centred Hybrid Sustainable Peacebuilding and Security By Evelyn Mayanja ................................... 75 Chapter Five Statehood, Small Arms and Security Governance in Southwest Ethiopia: The Need for an African-Centred Perspective By Mercy Fekadu Mulugeta ....................................................................................... 103 Chapter Six Understanding Peaceful Coexistence from an Urban Refugee Perspective in Africa: The Case of Uganda By Brenda Aleesi ............ 135 Chapter Seven Civil Society in Conflict Transformation: Key Evidence from Kenya’s Post-election Violence By Caleb Wafula ................................................. 161 Chapter Eight Boko Haram Insurgency and Sustainable Peace in Nigeria and the Lake Chad Region: AU-MNJTF’s Intervention By Naeke Sixtus Mougombe .. ....................................................................................................................... 193 Chapter Nine Conclusions By Mesfin Gebremichael .................................................... 219 Annex: AfSol First Workshop Report (26 – 27 Sept 2014)..................... 227 Preface This publication is a product of the African-Centred Solutions in peace and security (AfSol) workshop held 6 – 7 March 2015, and the preceding ones in 2013 and 2011. This is the first effort on the continent to establish the scholarship around how Africa can develop systemic and synthesized models for addressing peace and security issues and challenges. This book sets a theoretical foundation for exploring and investigating the AfSol concept. It also offers examples and applications of AfSol practices aimed at addressing peace and security challenges using peaceful, coordinated and integrated processes of peace operations and peacebuilding. The workshops and the initial stage of the publication of this book were funded by GIZ. The preparation of the 2015 workshop, the rigorous review process, selection and printing were made possible by the efforts and robust commitment of the leadership of the Institute for Peace and Security Studies (IPSS) and its Research and Policy dialogue team. The support of other departments in the Institute, especially, the IPSS management, communications and finance and operations, was crucial to the success of this publication process. We at IPSS hope that this book will set a foundation for developing a significant body of scholarship and knowledge on the topic. This book already set the stage for establishing two sister mechanisms for a continuous investigation and synthesis of AfSol as a scholarly and practical process of peacebuilding in Africa: The AfSol Journal and the AfSol Network. Together, we hope that these mechanisms will entice scholars and practitioners of peace and security in Africa to pursue the notion of AfSol with the deserved rigour and vigour. Amr Abdalla Senior Advisor on Policy Analysis and Research Institute for Peace and Security Studies List of Abbreviations AAU – Addis Ababa University AfSol: African-Centred Solution to African Peace and Security Problems AGA – African Governance Architecture AMIS: African Union Mission in Sudan AMISOM: African Union Mission in Somalia APSA: African Peace and Security Architecture ASF: African Standby Force ASI – African Solidarity Initiative ATM- African Traditional Mechanisms AU: African Union AU-MNJTF: African Union-Multinational Joint Task Force BPFA: Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action CBOs: Community-Based Organization CCP: Concerned Citizens for Peace CEDAW: Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women CMD: Centre for Multi-Party Democracy CPA: Comprehensive Peace Agreement CSA: Central Statics Agency CSOs: Civil Society Organizations DIY: Do-It-Yourself DRC: Democratic Republic of Congo ECA: Economic Communities of Africa ECCAS: Economic Community of Central African States ECOMOG: The Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group ECOWAS: Economic Community of West Africa EES: Eastern Equatoria State EPSA: ECOWAS Peace and Security Architecture ESF: ECOWAS Standby Force EU: European Union FATF: Financial Action Task Force FBO: Faith-based Organizations FCFA: Focus Group Discussions HCFA: Humanitarian Ceasefire Agreement HIV/AIDS: Human Immune Virus/Acquired Immune Disease Syndrome ICC: International Criminal Court IDPs: Internally Displaced Persons IFI : International Financial Institutions IGAD: Intergovernmental Authority on Development IGASOM: IGAD Peace Support Mission to Somalia IMF: International Monetary Fund IPSS: Institute for Peace and Security Studies JEM: Justice and Equality Movement KANU: Kenya African National Union KNHR: Kenya Human Rights KPTJ: Kenyans for Peace, Truth and Justice MISAHEL: AU mission to Mali MITF: Mali Integrated Task Force NARC: National Rainbow Coalition NGOs: Non-Governmental Organizations OAU: Organization of African Unity ODM: Orange Democratic Movement PADEAP: Pan African Development Education and Advocacy Programme PNU: Party of National Unity PoC: Protection of Civilians PSC: Peace and Security Council PSOs: Peace Support Operations RECs: Regional Economic Communities RLP : Refugee Law Project SADC – Southern Africa Development Cooperation SLM/A: Sudan Liberation Movement/Army SNNPR: Southern Nation, Nationalities and Peoples Region SPLA: Sudan People’s Liberation Army SRS: Self-Reliance Strategy TCCs: Troop-Contributing Countries TRC: Truth and Reconciliation Commission UK: United Kingdom UN: United Nations UNESCO: United Nations Education, Social and Cultural Organization UNHCR: United Nations High Commission for Refugees UNITAF: United Task Force UNPOS: UN Political Office for Somalia UNSC: United Nations Security Council UNSCR: United Nations Security Council Resolution UNSOM: UN Operation in Somalia YARID : Young African Refugees for Integral Development Chapter One Chapter One Introduction Sunday Angoma Okello* African-Centred Solution to African peace and security challenges (AfSol) has in it many veins retaining Pan-African ideology, concepts and objectives on which the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) was formed. The transformation of OAU to African Union (AU) normative and institutional peace architecture, the African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA) ushered substantive changes to rethinking on how to deal with the post-Cold War realities of internal conflicts in Africa. Unlike the OAU, the AU has had to engage in peace and security challenges more energetically in deploying its principles and institutions. AfSol concepts, principles, practices and policy are intertwined. In normative terms, the shift from strict adherence to the OAU Charter anchored on Article 3 emphasises the principle of non-interference in domestic affairs but reserves the right of the AU to intervene (Kioko, 2003), or what some have called the principle of non-interference was a radical shift from previous policies (APSA Handbook, 2014: 28). Institutionally, the transformation heralded the emergence of an ambitious and proactive African Peace and Security Architecture commonly referred to as APSA (APSA Handbook, 2014: 28). Moreover, for over 50 years, AfSol discourses were simply understood in universal terms implicating the economic, political, social and cultural inclusion to addressing the pressing issues of post-colonial Africa. * Sunday Angoma Okello (PhD) ([email protected]) is an Assistant professor at the Institute for Peace and Security Studies, Addis Ababa University. 1 African-Centred Solutions to Peace and Security Challenges in Africa This has made the discursive political foundations of AfSol become more problematic especially where African states have failed to act decisively to tackle issues of peace and security in the continent. African leaders have played into the hands of the Great Powers and international community that have demonstrably and understandably envisaged an “Africa fatigued” search for own solution. Wallensteen (2005) argues that Africa is responding to a natural response, to the fact that the international community, especially the United Nations (UN), already has too much in their hands to cope with. Today, the framing of, defining, popularizing and implementing AfSol principles in Africa requires that Africans look inwardly to their inherent