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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ISBN: 978-1-62081-647-9 (eBook) Library of Congress Control Number: 2012936694 Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. † New York Complimentary Contributor Copy Contents Preface vii Chapter I The Behavior of Listeria monocytogenes during the Manufacture and Storage of Greek Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) Cheeses 1 Apostolos S. Angelidis and Alexandros Govaris Chapter II Epidemic Clones of Listeria Monocytogenes: Detection, Transmission and Virulence 35 Sara Lomonaco Chapter III Listeria: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis and Novel Potential Treatments 67 Lucila Saavedra, Augusto Bellomio, Elvira M. Hebert, Carlos Minahk, Nadia Suarez, and Fernando Sesma Chapter IV Sublethal Damage in Listeria monocytogenes after Non-Thermal Treatments, and Implications for Food Safety 99 A. Silva, C. M. Belda-Galbis, S. F. Zanini, D. Rodrigo, P. Martorell, and A. Martínez Chapter V Listeria Infections Review: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis and Treatment 115 Karina Pellicer Chapter VI Epidemiology of Listeria monocytogenes in RTE Fermented Meat and Smoked Fish Products 129 D. Meloni, A. Mureddu, F. Piras, R. Mazza, S. Lamon, S. G. Consolati, F. Fois, and R. Mazzette Chapter VII Epidemiology of Invasive Listeriosis in Clinical Cases in Navarra (Spain): Comparison between 1995-2005 and 2006-2011 141 V. Garrido, A. I. Vitas, I. García-Jalón, L. Torroba, and A. Navascués Complimentary Contributor Copy vi Contents Chapter VIII Listeria Infections: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis and Treatment 155 Imane Saleh, Nisreen Alwan, Elie Barbour, Esam Azhar, and Steve Harakeh Chapter IX Listeria in Wildlife of Russia 167 I. Yegorova, Ju. Selyaninov, and V. Fertickov Index 177 Complimentary Contributor Copy Preface Microbial food-borne illnesses have a great impact not only on public health but also represent high economic costs for many countries around the world. Listeria monocytogenes, is a gram-positive facultative intracellular pathogen. In this book, the authors discuss the epidemiology, pathogenesis and treatment of Listeria infections. Topics include the behavior of L. monocytogenes in Greek PDO cheeses and preventing the pathogen's proliferation; epidemic clones of Listeria monocytogenes; description of outbreaks, pathogenesis and technology for controlling Listeria; sublethal damage in Listeria monocytogenes after non- thermal treatments and implications for food safety; and Listeria monocytogenes in RTE fermented meat and smoked fish products. Chapter I - Among the numerous traditional cheese varieties produced throughout Greece today, 21 cheeses have been granted the Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) status, whereas others are awaiting recognition. The Greek PDO cheeses include all types of cheeses (hard, semi-hard and soft cheeses). Several studies worldwide have reported the occurrence of Listeria spp. including Listeria monocytogenes in raw milk from sheep and goats. The majority of the Greek PDO cheeses are manufactured by a mixture of sheep and goat milk, which can be used raw, or after pasteurization. According to the European Commission Regulation (EC) 2073/2005 and its amendment by Regulation (EC) 1441/2007 food business operators are responsible for ensuring product compliance with the new food safety criteria including those specified for the food-borne pathogen L. monocytogenes. The ability of L. monocytogenes to proliferate during the manufacture and storage of permissive ready-to-eat foods is probably the most important factor regarding the risk for listeriosis. Currently, there are published studies pertaining to the behavior of L. monocytogenes in seven PDO cheeses (Feta, Galotyri, Graviera, Kasseri, Katiki, Manouri and Pichtogalo Chanion). This chapter aims at reviewing the available scientific literature regarding the behavior of L. monocytogenes in these Greek PDO cheeses, as well as the different interventions that have been proposed aiming at preventing the pathogen’s proliferation. Chapter II - Although many different serotypes of Listeria monocytogenes have been isolated from foods, only a few such as 1/2a, 1/2b, and 4b account for the vast majority of clinical cases, and in particular most outbreaks of listeriosis have involved a small number of closely related clones in serotypes 1/2a and 4b. An epidemic clone (EC) of L. monocytogenes has been defined as groups of isolates that are genetically related and presumably of a common ancestor, but are implicated in different, geographically and temporally unrelated Complimentary Contributor Copy viii Andino Romano and Carmine F. Giordano outbreaks. Since the introduction of this concept in 2002, four ECs have been recognized: ECI, ECII, and ECIV in serotype 4b and ECIII in serotype 1/2a. Most recently, in 2011, a novel serotype 1/2a EC that had been causing disease in Canada for the past twenty years was detected and designated as ECV. As L. monocytogenes continues to spread throughout the world and cause many different outbreaks, it is reasonable to assume that other novel ECs could be identified in the future. In order to control L. monocytogenes, determining the routes by which ECs and outbreak clones (OCs) are transmitted to foods will be extremely helpful. Consequently, the availability of subtyping assays capable of discerning closely related ECs and OCs is extremely important. In the past few years, the number and quality of subtyping assays has increased thanks to the development of DNA-based methods such as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), considered the gold-standard for its high discriminatory power (i.e. the ability to correctly differentiate unrelated strains). PFGE has proven to be a very accurate and reproducible method in subtyping L. monocytogenes. However, new sequence- based techniques, such as multilocus-sequence typing (MLST) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) typing, are also currently being used. In particular, multi-virulence- locus sequence typing (MVLST) has been able to accurately identify and differentiate all five ECs of L. monocytogenes. This technique