2020 & INTERNET JURISDICTION AND ECLAC REGIONAL STATUS REPORT REGIONAL STATUS REPORT 2020 ECLAC AND INTERNET & JURISDICTION Thank you for your interest in this ECLAC publication ECLAC Publications Please register if you would like to receive information on our editorial products and activities. When you register, you may specify your particular areas of interest and you will gain access to our products in other formats. www.cepal.org/en/publications ublicaciones www.cepal.org/apps INTERNET & JURISDICTION AND ECLAC REGIONAL STATUS REPORT 2020 This report was commissioned by the Secretariat of the Internet & Jurisdiction Policy Network (I&JPN) and the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), and was authored by Carlos Affonso Souza. The report represents the author’s best endeavour to map the current ecosystem and trends in Latin America and the Caribbean on the basis of desk research and stakeholder surveys and interviews. The completeness of the information cannot be guaranteed, however, as this report constitutes a first regional baseline with regard to the state of jurisdiction over the Internet. ECLAC and the I&JPN Secretariat are grateful for the financial and institutional support of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), acting on behalf of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), which enabled this report to be produced. The views expressed in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the I&JPN Secretariat, ECLAC, I&JPN stakeholders or the financial supporters of the report. United Nations publication Internet & Jurisdiction Policy Network publication LC/TS.2020/141 Copyright © Internet & Jurisdiction Policy Network, 2020 Distribution: L All rights reserved Copyright © United Nations All rights reserved Printed at United Nations, Santiago S.19-01092 This publication should be cited as: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)/Internet & Jurisdiction Policy Network (I&JPN), Internet & Jurisdiction and ECLAC Regional Status Report 2020 (LC/TS.2020/141), Santiago, 2020. Applications for authorization to reproduce this work in whole or in part should be sent to the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), Publications and Web Services Division, [email protected], and Internet & Jurisdiction Policy Network (I&JPN), [email protected]. Any entity interested in reproduction is requested to mention the source and to inform ECLAC and I&JPN of such reproduction. Member States and their governmental institutions may reproduce this work without prior authorization, but are requested to mention the source and to inform ECLAC of such reproduction. CONTENTS Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................................................................5 Preface .........................................................................................................................................................................................9 Presentation................................................................................................................................................................................11 Method ........................................................................................................................................................................................13 Executive summary .................................................................................................................................................................15 Introduction ...............................................................................................................................................................................21 CHAPTER I Overarching trends ............................................................................................................................................................29 A. Increased connectivity is necessary but can reinforce socioeconomic inequalities ................................... 31 B. A changing technological landscape ....................................................................................................................33 1. Swings in perceptions: from tech euphoria to techlash ..............................................................................33 2. Transnationalism is an emerging new dynamic ..........................................................................................34 3. Foreign multinationals are influential in the region ......................................................................................34 4. The business environment for start-ups in the region is variable .............................................................35 C. Foreign regulatory initiatives are inspiring regional and national proposals .................................................36 1. Policy initiatives have been proliferating as the appetite for regulating cyberspace increases ....... 37 2. Legislative and judicial inspiration: cross-fertilization or imitation?..........................................................38 D. Concerns over international influence and normative plurality .......................................................................39 1. Rules are set for (and by) large and well-established international actors ............................................39 2. The growing role of company norms: the “constitutional” status of terms of service ..........................39 E. The role of territoriality and the exercise of sovereignty are different in a global network...........................41 1. The increasing extraterritorial reach of national laws ..................................................................................41 2. Extraterritoriality brings enforceability challenges ......................................................................................42 F. Intermediaries are being expected to play new roles .........................................................................................43 1. Increasing responsibility is being placed on private operators ................................................................43 2. Intermediaries are increasingly being asked to provide data to support investigations ...................44 3. Transparency is essential to enhance trust, but implementation varies ................................................45 4. Growing attention is being paid to due process in content moderation activities ..............................46 INTERNET & JURISDICTION AND ECLAC REGIONAL STATUS REPORT 2020 3 CHAPTER II Major topical trends in Latin America and the Caribbean ................................................................................ 47 A. Expression ....................................................................................................................................................................49 1. Fake news and disinformation .........................................................................................................................49 2. Defamation ...........................................................................................................................................................51 3. Online bullying ......................................................................................................................................................53 4. Non-consensual distribution of sexually explicit media .............................................................................54 5. The “right to be forgotten” comes up against the region’s particular characteristics ..........................56 B. Security ..... .....................................................................................................................................................................58 1. Increased cybersecurity coordination is needed to deal with widespread incidents in the region .........58 2. Cross-border investigations and electronic evidence ................................................................................59 3. Surveillance ..........................................................................................................................................................62 4. Cybersecurity .......................................................................................................................................................66 C. Economy .. ..................................................................................................................................................................... 70 1. E-commerce: the aspiration of a digital single market ............................................................................... 70 3. The internet of things (iot) ................................................................................................................................. 77 4. Digital payments .................................................................................................................................................82 5. Blockchain and cryptocurrencies ....................................................................................................................86 6. International and regional data flows: data protection regimes ..............................................................88