Faculty of Graduate Studies Master Thesis in Water and Environmental Engineering Assessing the Palestinian Experience in Using Household Water Treatment Systems: Hebron Governorate as a case study تقيين خبرة فلسطيي في استخذام وحذاث هعالجت هياه الشرب الونزليت:هحافظت الخليل كحالت دراسيت Student: Alaa Othman (1175433) Supervisor: Dr. Maher Abu-Madi November, 2019 Table of Contents Table of Contents ...................................................................................................... III List of Figures ........................................................................................................... VII List of Tables .......................................................................................................... VIII List of Abbreviation .................................................................................................... X Abstract ..................................................................................................................... XII XIV ....................................................................................................................... الخﻻصت Dedication ................................................................................................................. XV Acknowledgements ................................................................................................ XVI Chapter One - Introduction ........................................................................................ 1 1.1 Background .......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Problem Statement ............................................................................................... 3 1.3Aim and Objectives........................................................................................... 4 1.4 Thesis Outline .................................................................................................. 4 Chapter Two - Literature Review .............................................................................. 5 2.1 Study Area Description ........................................................................................ 5 2.1.1 Geographical Location .................................................................................. 5 2.1.2 Water Resources in Hebron .............................................................................. 6 2.1.3 Water Quantity .................................................................................................. 6 2.1.4 Water Quality ................................................................................................ 7 2.2 Household Water Treatment Technology ............................................................ 8 III 2.2.1 Concerns about water quality ........................................................................ 8 2.2.2 Types of Contaminants in Water .................................................................. 9 2.2.3 Point of Use and Point of Entry .................................................................... 9 2.3 Technical Feasibility of Household Water Filters ............................................. 11 2.3.1 Removal Efficiency .................................................................................... 11 2.3.2 Fouling ........................................................................................................ 13 2.3.3 Service Life and Maintenance Frequency................................................... 13 2.3.3 System Footprint ......................................................................................... 14 2.3.4 Operation and Maintenance Skills .............................................................. 14 2.4 Economic Feasibility of Household Water Filters ............................................. 15 2.5 Health Impacts ................................................................................................... 16 2.6 Public Perceptions .............................................................................................. 18 2.7 Drinking Water Quality Parameters................................................................... 19 2.7.1 Microbial Contamination ............................................................................ 20 2.7.2 Physicochemical Analysis .......................................................................... 21 Chapter Three -Methodology ................................................................................... 24 3.1 Data Collection and Questionnaire Survey ........................................................ 24 3.2 Data and Questionnaire Analysis ....................................................................... 26 3.3 Field Visits and Drinking Water Sample Collection ......................................... 26 3.4Water Sampling and Analysis ............................................................................. 26 3.4.1 Sampling ..................................................................................................... 26 IV 3.4.2 Analytical Techniques ................................................................................ 27 Chapter Four - Results and Discussion .................................................................... 28 4.1 Technical Performance of Households Water Filters ........................................ 28 4.1.1 Removal Efficiency .................................................................................... 28 pH Value .............................................................................................................. 30 Total dissolved solid (TDS) ................................................................................. 30 Electrical conductivity ......................................................................................... 31 Chloride concentration ......................................................................................... 31 Carbonate concentration ...................................................................................... 31 Nitrate Concentration ........................................................................................... 32 Sulfate Concentration............................................................................................... 32 Microbial Contaminants....................................................................................... 32 4.1.2 Fouling ........................................................................................................ 33 4.1.3 Service Life and Maintenance Frequency................................................... 33 4.1.4 System Footprint ......................................................................................... 36 4.1.5 Operational Skills........................................................................................ 37 4.2. Economic Feasibility ........................................................................................ 37 4.3. Health Impacts .................................................................................................. 41 4.4 Public Perceptions .............................................................................................. 43 Chapter Five - Conclusions and Recommendations ............................................... 50 5.1 Conclusions ........................................................................................................ 50 V 5.2 Recommendations .............................................................................................. 51 References:.................................................................................................................. 52 58 .......................................................................................................... :قائوتالوراجع العربيت Appendices: ................................................................................................................ 59 Appendix 1: The Questionnaire ............................................................................... 59 Appendix 2: Water Quality analysis for North Eastern Basin in Jenin Area........... 62 Appendix 3: Water Quality analysis in Western Basin in Qalqilia and Tulkarem .. 63 Appendix 4: Water quality analysis for Eastern Basin in Jericho and Jordan Valley area ........................................................................................................................... 64 Appendix 5: Water quality indicator by Water Sector Regulatory Council for Hebron Governorate(1) ............................................................................................ 65 Appendix 6: Water Quality Indicator by WSRC for Hebron Governorate (2) ........ 67 Appendix 7: Chemical Analysis Report for Source of Water in North Hebron from MOH ........................................................................................................................ 69 VI List of Figures Figure 1 Hebron Governorate (Source: LRC, 2006)..................................................... 5 Figure 2 Palestine/ West Bank water supply (Source: PWA, 2017) .............................. 7 Figure 3 Types of water filters used according to Questionnaire ............................... 28 Figure 4 Installation time of water filter ..................................................................... 34 Figure 5 Occurrence of periodic maintenance ............................................................ 34 Figure 6 Relationship between satisfactions about water