A PR I L 2 0 1 0 Strengthening the humanity and dignity of people in crisis through knowledge and practice Moving Up or Moving Out? A Rapid Livelihoods and Conflict Analysis in Mieso-Mulu Woreda, Shinile Zone, Somali Region, Ethiopia Andy Catley and Alula Iyasu ©2010 Feinstein International Center and Mercy Corps. All Rights Reserved. Fair use of this copyrighted material includes its use for non-commercial educational purposes, such as teaching, scholarship, research, criticism, commentary, and news reporting. Unless otherwise noted, those who wish to reproduce text and image files from this publication for such uses may do so without the Feinstein International Center’s express permission. However, all commercial use of this material and/or reproduction that alters its meaning or intent, without the express permission of the Feinstein International Center, is prohibited. Feinstein International Center Tufts University 200 Boston Ave., Suite 4800 Medford, MA 02155 USA tel: +1 617.627.3423 fax: +1 617.627.3428 fic.tufts.edu Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the following Mercy Corps staff who assisted with organisation of the study or who facilitated focus group discussions in Mulu: Mesfin Ayele, Mohammed Haji, Niama Ibrahim, Berhanu Esehete, and Yigezu Solomon. Other Mercy Corps staff provided helpful advice on the design of the work or commented on the draft report, including Abdi Aden, Fasil Demeke, Rafael Velaquez, Nigist Tilahun, and Sarah Gibbons. Demeke Eshete of Save the Children UK provided food economy reports for Shinile Zone. We are also grateful to participants in focus group discussions in Mulu and to the various government staff who provided information and joined the livelihoods analysis training. Yacob Aklilu and Berhanu Admasu of Tufts University also provided useful comments and advice. The study was funded by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office Bilateral Fund, British Embassy, Addis Ababa. Contents Summary 6 1. Introduction 7 1.1 Livelihoods and conflict in pastoralist areas 7 1.2 Background to the analysis in Mieso-Mulu woreda, Shinile Zone 7 1.3 Methodology and process 8 2. Using the Livelihoods Framework to Integrate Livelihoods and Conflict Analysis 10 2.1 The livelihoods framework 10 2.2 Policies, institutions, and processes: the PIPs analysis and conflict 13 2.3 Conflict and livelihoods programming 16 3. Livelihoods Analysis in Mieso-Mulu Woreda 17 3.1 Assets 19 3.1.1 Financial assets 19 a. Livestock herds and household income 19 Background notes 19 Income from livestock and other sources in Mieso-Mulu woreda 20 b. Livestock herds and human foods 22 Background notes 22 Livestock herds and human foods in Mieso-Mulu woreda 22 c. Markets and trade 23 Background notes 23 Markets and trade in Meiso-Mulu woreda and beyond 23 3.1.2 Natural assets 25 a. Environment, rainfall, and mobility 25 Background notes 25 Environment and mobility in and around Mieso-Mulu woreda 25 3.1.3 Human assets 31 a. Indigenous skills and knowledge 31 Background notes 31 Indigenous skills and knowledge in Mieso-Mulu woreda 31 b. Basic services—education 31 Background notes 31 Education in Mieso-Mulu woreda 32 Contents (continued) c. Basic health services 35 Background notes 35 Health services in Mieso-Mulu woreda and Shinile Zone 35 d. Maternal health care and child vaccination 38 3.1.4 Social assets 40 Background notes 40 Social capital in Mieso-Mulu woreda 41 3.1.5 Physical assets 42 Background notes 42 Physical assets in Mieso-Mulu woreda 43 3.1.6 Political assets 43 Background notes 43 Political representation in Mieso-Mulu woreda 44 3.2 Vulnerability context 44 3.2.1 Seasonality 44 a. Seasonality of production and market patterns 44 b. Seasonal variations in nutrition and the impact of drought and conflict 46 3.2.2 Shocks 46 a. Conflict 47 Background notes 47 Conflict and livestock raiding in and around Mieso-Mulu woreda 47 b. Reduced access to formal and informal trade and markets 51 Background notes 51 Market and trade issues in Mieso-Mulu woreda and beyond 51 c. Livestock diseases 52 3.2.3 Trends 53 a. Human population growth 53 b. Conflict histories and trends 54 c. Bush encroachment and rangeland degradation 55 d. Enclosure of land for crop production 55 e. Increasing impact of normal dry seasons and drought 55 f. Terms of trade 59 3.3 Policies, Institutions, and Processes 61 3.3.1 Regional policies and legislation 62 3.3.2 Pastoralism, policies, and institutions in Ethiopia 64 2 Mercy Corps and Feinstein International Center Contents (continued) a. Government structures and policies 65 Land use and land tenure 66 Livestock development 67 Humanitarian policies, managing risks, and drought management 68 Primary health care 70 Education 72 b. Tradition, clan, leaders, and youth 74 Strategic Development Options in Mieso-Mulu Woreda and Shinile Zone 76 4.1 Strategic issues 76 4.1.1 Livelihoods-conflict cycles and governance 76 4.1.2 The Afar-Issa-Oromo dynamics and domino effects 76 4.1.3 Land issues 77 4.1.4 Economic integration 77 4.1.5 Basic services 78 4.1.6 Humanitarian assistance and safety nets 79 4.2 A strategic framework 79 4.2.1 Outline of the framework 79 4.2.2 Peace-building support 81 4.2.3 Land tenure and land use policy support 82 4.2.4 Basic services 82 4.2.5 Economic integration and diversification 83 Bibliography 85 Annex 1. 91 Participants at trainings and focus group discussions Annex 2. 92 Examples of livestock diseases and shocks to pastoralist livelihoods, Mieso-Mulu woreda Moving Up or Moving Out? A Rapid Livelihoods and Conflict Analysis in Mieso-Mulu Woreda, Shinile Zone, Somali Region, Ethiopia 3 Abbreviations ACTESA Alliance for Commodity Trade in Eastern and Southern Africa BCG Bacille Calmette-Guérin tuberculosis vaccine CAHW Community-based Animal Health Worker CCM Community Case Management CEWARN Conflict Early Warning and Response Mechanism CHA Community Health Agent CJTF Combined Joint Task Force COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa CSA Central Statistics Agency CSOs Civil Society Organisations DFID (UK) Department for International Development DPPA Disaster Preparedness and Prevention Agency DPT Diphtheria, Pertusis, and Tetanus DRMFSS Disaster Risk Management and Food Security Sector (of the MoARD) EB Ethiopian Birr EHNRI Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute ELTAP Ethiopian Land Tenure Policy and Administration Program EPRDF Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FEWSNET Famine Early Warning Systems Network FMOH Federal Ministry of Health GAM Global Acute Malnutrition GCC Gulf Cooperation Council GDP Gross Domestic Product HEW Health Extension Worker HSDP III Health Sector Development Plan HSEP Health Sector Extension Programme IGAD Intergovernmental Authority on Development Ksh Kenyan Shilling MDG Millennium Development Goal MMR Maternal Mortality Rate MoARD Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development MoE Ministry of Education MoFA Ministry of Federal Affairs MoFED Ministry of Finance and Economic Development NGOs Non-governmental Organisations ONLF Ogaden National Liberation Front ORT Oral Rehydration Therapy 4 Mercy Corps and Feinstein International Center PACAPS Pastoral Areas Coordination, Analysis and Policy Support (Program) PASDEP Plan for Accelerated and Sustained Development to End Poverty PIPs Policies, Institutions, and Processes PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal RFE Rainfall Estimation SCFUK Save the Children Fund UK SCUK Save the Children UK SCUS Save the Children US TBAs Traditional Birth Attendants TFG Transitional Federal Government UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UNOCHA United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs USAID United States Agency for International Development WHO World Health Organization WSLF Western Somalia Liberation Front Moving Up or Moving Out? A Rapid Livelihoods and Conflict Analysis in Mieso-Mulu Woreda, Shinile Zone, Somali Region, Ethiopia 5 SUMMARY This report describes a rapid, combined may be increasing government commitment to livelihoods and conflict analysis in Shinile Zone, improving health and education in Somali Somali Region of Ethiopia, conducted in March Region, the service delivery strategies will need and April 2010. An underlying question for the further adaptation if basic health and education analysis was the extent to which aid actors should indicators are to improve. Both sectors seem to integrate peace-building and livelihoods lack specific strategies for dealing with the programming as part of long-term development cultural barriers to accessing services faced by strategies for the Zone. A strategic framework women and girls. Education is particularly with explanation is presented in section 4 of the important as a means to support economic report and includes the following issues: diversification and integration, especially for women and youth, but also for other people • The Issa pastoralist system extends beyond who may opt to “move out” of the pastoralist Shinile Zone, so that changes to the system have sector. impacts in Afar and Oromiya Regions. The • Service delivery strategies need to examine system is determined by the need for pastoralists possible cross-regional state border to access natural resources, and it cuts across arrangements that might help to overcome administrative borders, official or otherwise. some of the practical difficulties of service Essentially, this is the system in the Rift Valley delivery through government alone. The between the Hararghe highlands and the eastern proximity