Swedish Defence Material Administration´s Weapons and Ammunition Safety Manual Readers' Guide 1. Introduction 2. Safety activities and requirements common to all materiel 3. Weapons 4. Ammunition HVAS E 5. Summary of require- ments/checklist Appendix 1. Definitions Appendix 2. Acronyms Appendix 3. Standards Appendix 4. References Central distribution: Armed Forces' Publications and forms stores (FBF) Print: Elanders Fälth & Hässler, June 2013 READERS' GUIDE H VAS can be read a first time in its entirety and it can then act as a reference guide and as a checklist. This manual comprises both descriptive and requirement-based chapters as described below. Chapter 1, ‘Introduction’ describes the background, precondi- tions and objectives of the manual. Chapter 2, ‘Safety activities and requirements common to all materiel’ specifies weapon and ammunition related safety activi- ties and how they can be conducted in the most suitable manner. Chapter 3, ‘Weapons’ specifies equipment related requirements for weapons of which the main sections are Common require- ments and System requirements. Chapter 4, ‘Ammunition’ specifies equipment related require- ments for ammunition. With regard to ammunition the specific subsystem requirements also apply. These are specified under the respective headings Warheads, Propulsion systems, Fuzing sys- tems and Packaging. Chapter 5, ‘Summary’ of all of the manual’s requirements. Used as a checklist, e.g. when presenting a system to advisory groups. Appendix 1, ‘Definitions’ defines specific terms. Appendix 2, ‘Acronyms’ lists a key to the abbreviations and acro- nyms used in the manual. Appendix 3, ‘Standards’ relates to relevant standards known at the time of the publication of the manual. Appendix 4, ‘References’ provides references to literature relating to defence materiel. For some systems it may be difficult to determine where the boundary is between weapons and ammunition. In such cases it is essential that both chapter 3, Weapons and chapter 4, Ammu- nition are applied. H VAS E 2012 3 Readers' guide The Weapons and Ammunition Safety Manual (H VAS E) is based on - and is a complement to - the System Safety Manual (H SystSäk E). Both manuals are co-ordinated and are designed to be used together. H VAS E can however be read and applied independently. IMPROVEMENT SUGGESTIONS Comments and suggestions for improvements to H VAS E should be sent to FMV, 115 88 Stockholm. 4 H VAS E 2012 Readers' guide ........................................................................... 3 0 To Our Foreign Reader .............................................................. 9 0.1 Purpose of this chapter................................................................. 9 0.2 Defence Materiel Systems Procurement ........................................ 9 0.3 About the manual ...................................................................... 10 1 Introduction ............................................................................. 11 1.1 Risk, Accident, Safety................................................................. 14 1.2 Risk Management ...................................................................... 16 1.3 Responsibilities and Authority at FMV ...................................... 18 2 Safety Activities and Requirements Common to all Equipment................................................................................ 19 2.1 Safety Activity Requirements...................................................... 19 2.2 Requirements Common to all Equipment................................... 21 2.3 Requirements of International Law ............................................ 22 2.4 System Safety Requirements in Operational Requirements......... 23 2.5 Determining Requirements for the Request for Proposal (RFP).. 23 2.6 Independent Review ................................................................... 25 Advisory Group for Fuzing systems (Rg T) ........................... 26 Advisory Group for Warheads and Propulsion Devices (Rg V&D) ................................................................ 28 The Advisory Group for Explosives (Rg Expl) ...................... 30 2.7 Safety Testing and Safety Analyses ............................................. 33 2.8 Safety Surveillance...................................................................... 35 2.9 Training Safety Regulations (TSR) ............................................. 35 3 Weapons................................................................................... 37 3.1 Common requirements relating to weapons ............................... 39 Danger area........................................................................... 39 Safety of friendly forces......................................................... 40 Toxic substances ................................................................... 43 Electrical and magnetic fields ................................................ 45 Robustness to extreme climatic conditions ............................ 46 Fire........................................................................................ 46 Sound pressure...................................................................... 48 Back blast.............................................................................. 49 Vibration dose....................................................................... 49 Pressure................................................................................. 50 Spring forces ......................................................................... 50 Hydraulic and pneumatic forces............................................ 52 Recoil forces.......................................................................... 53 Other forces .......................................................................... 54 Lasers.................................................................................... 54 Mechanical stability .............................................................. 56 Transport .............................................................................. 57 H VAS E 2012 5 3.2 Launchers................................................................................... 58 Weapon installation .............................................................. 59 Breech mechanisms ............................................................... 59 Firing mechanism .................................................................. 60 Breech ring ............................................................................ 62 Obturation ............................................................................ 62 Secondary combustion .......................................................... 63 Barrel wear............................................................................ 63 Barrel fatigue......................................................................... 64 Barrel rupture........................................................................ 65 Cook-off ............................................................................... 65 Fume evacuators ................................................................... 66 Muzzle brakes, flame guards and recoil amplifiers ................ 67 Muzzle flash.......................................................................... 68 Sub-calibre barrels and sub-calibre adapters.......................... 68 Ramming .............................................................................. 69 Recoil brakes......................................................................... 70 Composite and compound barrels......................................... 70 Recoilless weapons and rocket systems ................................. 71 3.3 Other weapon systems................................................................ 72 Minelayers for anti-tank mines.............................................. 72 Launching equipment for underwater mines/depth charges ... 73 Launch devices for torpedoes ................................................ 74 Launchers and pylons............................................................ 76 Weapon platforms................................................................. 77 Openings/hatches and doors.................................................. 78 Sights and aiming systems ..................................................... 78 Guidance and control systems ............................................... 79 3.4 Other.......................................................................................... 82 Pressure vessels...................................................................... 82 Lifting devices ....................................................................... 82 Fire-fighting equipment ......................................................... 83 4 Ammunition............................................................................. 85 4.1 Common Ammunition Requirements ......................................... 86 Insensitive munitions (IM)..................................................... 86 Equipment specific requirements ........................................... 88 4.2 Warheads ................................................................................... 90 Environments for warheads................................................... 91 Joint requirements for warheads ........................................... 92 Warheads containing High Explosive (HE) ........................... 95 Pyrotechnic warheads.........................................................