HE ATUA, HE TIPUA, HE TAKATA RĀNEI: THE DYNAMICS OF CHANGE IN SOUTH ISLAND MĀORI ORAL TRADITIONS A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Māori in the University of Canterbury by Eruera Ropata Prendergast-Tarena University of Canterbury 2008 1 Table of Contents Acknowledgments .............................................................................................5 Abstract..............................................................................................................7 Glossary .............................................................................................................8 Technical Notes .................................................................................................9 Part One: The Whakapapa of Literature..........................................................10 Chapter 1......................................................................................................... 11 Introduction......................................................................................................12 Waitaha.........................................................................................................13 Myth and History .........................................................................................14 Authentic Oral Tradition..............................................................................15 Models of Oral Tradition .............................................................................18 The Dynamics of Change ............................................................................23 Pre-European Change ........................................................................24 Post-contact Pākehā Change..............................................................25 Post-contact Māori Change................................................................27 Post-contact Conjoint Change............................................................30 Post-contact Pākehā Synthesised Change..........................................35 Iwi Cultural Revivalist Change..........................................................37 New-age Multicultural Change..........................................................38 Chapter Plan.............................................................................................40 Waka Traditions.......................................................................................42 Early Peoples ...........................................................................................43 Waitaha Traditions...................................................................................44 Chapter 2......................................................................................................... 47 The Whakapapa of Literature ..........................................................................48 Ngāi Tahu Manuscripts................................................................................50 Edward Shortland.........................................................................................51 J.F.H. Wohlers..............................................................................................53 Canon Stack .................................................................................................56 James Cowan................................................................................................59 Herries Beattie..............................................................................................63 W.A. Taylor .................................................................................................66 Barry Brailsford ...........................................................................................69 Christine Tremewan.....................................................................................72 Rāwiri Te Maire Tau....................................................................................74 Conclusion....................................................................................................77 Part Two: Waka Traditions..............................................................................80 Traditions of Migration and the Migration of Tradition..................................81 Chapter 3..........................................................................................................84 Ārai Te Uru......................................................................................................85 South Island Accounts .................................................................................86 2 Consistency of Accounts ...........................................................................108 North Island Links .....................................................................................109 Conclusion..................................................................................................121 Chapter 4....................................................................................................... 122 Takitimu.........................................................................................................123 South Island Accounts ...............................................................................123 North Island Links .....................................................................................127 Shared Imagery ..........................................................................................129 Post-contact Conjoint Accounts ................................................................134 Conclusion..................................................................................................138 Chapter 5....................................................................................................... 140 Tairea .............................................................................................................141 South Island Accounts ...............................................................................142 North Island Links .....................................................................................146 Consistency of Accounts ...........................................................................148 Regional Accounts .....................................................................................149 Conclusion..................................................................................................150 Part Two: Summary.......................................................................................152 Part Three: Early Peoples...............................................................................155 Symbolic Identities and the Planting of Predecessors ...................................156 Chapter 6....................................................................................................... 160 'Kāhui' Traditions...........................................................................................161 South Island Accounts ...............................................................................162 Consistency of Accounts ...........................................................................175 Te Kāhui Tipua Whakapapa......................................................................177 Shared Imagery ..........................................................................................180 Conclusion..................................................................................................185 Chapter 7....................................................................................................... 187 Rapuwai Traditions........................................................................................188 South Island Accounts ...............................................................................188 Comparison with Tribal Whakapapa.........................................................194 North Island Links .....................................................................................199 Conclusion..................................................................................................202 Part Three: Summary.....................................................................................203 Part Four: Waitaha Traditions........................................................................207 The Politics of Tradition ................................................................................208 Chapter 8....................................................................................................... 211 Te Waka a Raki, Te Wakahuruhurumanu and Te Waka o Aoraki................212 Te Waka a Raki..........................................................................................214 South Island Accounts.........................................................................214 Shared Imagery....................................................................................220 Te Wakahuruhurumanu .............................................................................221 South Island Accounts.........................................................................221 3 Shared Imagery....................................................................................223 Te Waka o Aoraki......................................................................................226 South Island Accounts.........................................................................226 Consistency of Accounts