WHO/CDS/CSR/ISR/99.2 WHO Recommended Surveillance Standards. Second edition This document has been produced jointly by technical programmes in WHO and by UNAIDS World Health Organization Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response This document has been downloaded from the WHO/CSR Web site. The original cover pages and lists of participants are not included. See http://www.who.int/emc for more information. © World Health Organization This document is not a formal publication of the World Health Organization (WHO), and all rights are reserved by the Organization. The document may, however, be freely reviewed, abstracted, reproduced and translated, in part or in whole, but not for sale nor for use in conjunction with commercial purposes. The views expressed in documents by named authors are solely the responsibility of those authors. 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WHO Recommended Surveillance Standards WHO/CDS/CSR/ISR/99.2 Contents Acknowledgements ..................................................................................3 Acronyms .................................................................................................. 5 Introduction...............................................................................................7 National coordination of communicable disease surveillance.............. 8 Explanatory notes ..................................................................................12 Sample format.........................................................................................15 Surveillance activities: criteria and WHO Department.........................16 Communicable disease contacts in Regional Offices..........................18 Diseases AIDS..................................................................................................25 Anthrax..............................................................................................29 Brucellosis.........................................................................................31 Cholera .............................................................................................33 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease................................................................. 35 Dengue fever.....................................................................................39 Diphtheria..........................................................................................41 Dracunculiasis...................................................................................43 Ebola-Marburg viral diseases ............................................................45 Japanese encephalitis.......................................................................49 Lymphatic filariasis............................................................................51 Haemophilus influenzae type b disease ............................................53 Acute viral hepatitis ...........................................................................55 HIV infection......................................................................................59 Influenza ...........................................................................................61 Lassa fever .......................................................................................63 Legionellosis .....................................................................................65 Cutaneous leishmaniasis...................................................................67 Leishmania/HIV co-infections ............................................................69 Visceral leishmaniasis .......................................................................71 Leprosy .............................................................................................73 Leptospirosis.....................................................................................77 Malaria ..............................................................................................79 Measles.............................................................................................83 Meningococcal disease .....................................................................87 Viral meningitis..................................................................................89 Onchocerciasis..................................................................................91 Pertussis ...........................................................................................93 Plague...............................................................................................95 Poliomyelitis ......................................................................................97 Rabies.............................................................................................101 Salmonellosis..................................................................................105 1 WHO Recommended Surveillance Standards WHO/CDS/CSR/ISR/99.2 Contents cont. Schistosomiasis .............................................................................. 107 Syphilis ........................................................................................... 111 Tetanus, neonatal ........................................................................... 113 African trypanosomiasis .................................................................. 115 American trypanosomiasis ..............................................................117 Tuberculosis ................................................................................... 119 Scrub typhus................................................................................... 123 Yellow fever .................................................................................... 125 Syndromes Acute haemorrhagic fever syndrome............................................... 129 Acute lower respiratory tract infections (aLRTI) and pneumonia ..... 131 Acute (watery) diarrhoea................................................................. 133 Acute (bloody) diarrhoea................................................................. 135 Antimicrobial resistance .................................................................. 137 Anti-tuberculosis drug resistance .................................................... 139 Foodborne diseases........................................................................ 141 Sexually transmitted diseases / syndromes..................................... 145 Annex 1 Software free and in the public domain............................ 147 Annex 2 Proposed surveillance definitions .................................... 149 Annex 3 Role and use of Geographic Information Sytems (GIS) and mapping for epidemiological surveillance ................ 153 2 WHO Recommended Surveillance Standards WHO/CDS/CSR/ISR/99.2 Acknowledgements The World Health Organization wishes to acknowledge the support of The Department for International Development Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and The Government of Ireland in the production of this document 3 WHO Recommended Surveillance Standards WHO/CDS/CSR/ISR/99.2 Acronyms 9GPW: WHO Ninth General Programme of Work, 1996-2001 AAFB: Alcohol-acid-fast bacilli Ab: Antibody AFP: Acute flaccid paralysis AFRO: WHO Regional Office for the African Region Ag: Antigen AIDS: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome aLRTI: Acute lower respiratory tract infections AMRO: see PAHO ARI: Acute respiratory tract infections BSE: Bovine spongiform encephalopathy CATT: Card agglutination trypanosomiasis test CD4: T4 lymphocyte population CDC: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta GA, USA CJD: Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease CMFL Community microfilarial load CSF: Cerebrospinal fluid DA: Direct agglutination test DEC: Diethylcarbamazine DFA: Direct fluorescent antibody DHF: Dengue haemorrhagic fever DPT: Diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus DSS: Dengue shock syndrome DT: Diphtheria, tetanus EEG: Electroencephalogram EIA: Enzyme immunoassay ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay EMRO: WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean EPIET: European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training EURO: WHO Regional Office for the European Region FAT: Fluorescent antibody test FETP: Field Epidemiology Training Programme FFI: Fatal familial insomnia FluNet: Influenza network FTA: Fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption GIS Geographic Information System GPS: Global Positioning System GSS: Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker (syndrome) HAV: Hepatitis A virus HBcAg Hepatitis B core antigen HbeAg: Hepatitis B envelope antigen HbsAg: Hepatitis B surface antigen HBV: Hepatitis B virus HCV: Hepatitis C virus HDV: Hepatitis D virus HepB3: hepatitis B vaccine HEV: Hepatitis E virus HI Haemagglutination inhibition (test) Hib. Haemophilus influenzae type b HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus HTP: Hydroxytryptophane IARC: International Agency for Research in Cancer, WHO, Lyon, France ICD-10: International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision, WHO ID: Identification IF: Indirect Immunofluorescence IFA: Immunofluorescent assay 5 WHO Recommended Surveillance Standards WHO/CDS/CSR/ISR/99.2 Acronyms cont. IFAT: Indirect immunoflourescent antibody test IgG Immunoglobulin G IgM Immunoglobulin M IGO Intergovernmental organization IHR International Health Regulations IP Immunoperoxidase