Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 2000 Luis De Unzaga and Bourbon Reform in Spanish Louisiana, 1770--1776. Julia Carpenter Frederick Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Frederick, Julia Carpenter, "Luis De Unzaga and Bourbon Reform in Spanish Louisiana, 1770--1776." (2000). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 7355. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/7355 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy subm itted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Bell & Howell Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LUIS DE UNZAGA AND BOURBON REFORM IN SPANISH LOUISIANA, 1770-1776 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of History by Julia Carpenter Frederick B.S., University of Southwestern Louisiana, 1991 M.S., University of Southwestern Louisiana, 1993 December, 2000 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 9998674 Copyright 2000 by Frederick, Julia Carpenter All rights reserved. ___ ® UMI UMI Microform 9998674 Copyright 2001 by Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ©Copyright 2000 Julia Carpenter Frederick All rights reserved Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Acknowledgments The writing of history is a fascinating and disciplined art which I am still learning. A project of this size is never an individual undertaking. The creation of this particular work has taken many hands, both kind and firm. I wish to thank Dr. Paul Hoffman for his support, his energy, his guidance and his wit, without which this never would have been completed. I also wish to recognize the other members of my committee for their patience while I researched and wrote. My research in Spain was made possible by a grant from the Program for Cultural Cooperation, through the Spanish Ministry of Education and Culture. Others which should be recognized are Dr. Carl Brasseaux and the Center for Louisiana Studies and Dr. Alfred E. Lemmon at the Historical New Orleans Collection, the many librarians at Hill Memorial Library, as well as the archivists at the Archivo General de Indias in Seville who helped me in so many ways. Special gratitude is owed my sidekick, confidant and fellow researcher Valeria Rubio Domingues Hallet and her family with whom I shared life in Spain. I also wish to thank my department head, Dr. Vaughan Baker, for never doubting I could finish, no matter how long it seemed. Lastly, I would like to acknowledge the continual support of my family, John and Nora and my parents. Most of all I miss and will continue to miss Dr. Kim Hanger, a fellow traveler in the pursuit of history whose work stimulated me, who constantly challenged me to do better, and to whom I dedicate this work. iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......................................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES.................................................................................... vi LIST OF MAPS........................................................................................ vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS................................................................... viii ABSTRACT.............................................................................................. ix CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE . 1 2. SPANISH LOUISIANA: THE FRUTT OF THE MAMEYES 14 3. O'REILLY............................................................................ 40 4. ECONOMIC PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS .............. 61 5. CONTRABAND................................................................ 110 6. THE INDIANS.................................................................. 155 7. ORDER AND LOYALTY................................................ 201 8. IN DEFENSE OF CROWN AND COLONY .................... 258 9. SUMMARY ........................................................................ 309 REFERENCES........................................................................................ 314 APPENDIX A. TREASURER’S REPORT FOR LOUISIANA, 1769-1777 MARTIN NAVARRO 1769-1775, BERNARD DE ORTERO 1775-1777 ............................................................................ 348 B. ENTRADAS AND SALIDAS AT HAVANA, CUBA TO AND FROM NEW ORLEANS, 1772-1776...................... 352 iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. C. ENTRADAS AND SALIDAS AT HAVANA, CUBA 1772-1776............................................................ 369 VITA................................................................................................. 394 v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. List of Tables 1. Offices of the Louisiana Cabildo ............................................................. 46 2. Latin America’s Administrative System ....................................................... 47 3. List of Post Officials Appointed by O’Reilly ................................................ 50 4. O’Reilly’s Assignment of the Clergy ............................................................ 59 5. Entrances and Exits from Havana Cuba, 1772-1776 .................................... 77 6. Entrances and Exits from Havana Cuba, 1772 ............................................. 78 7. Situados for Louisiana 1771-1776 ........................................................... 81 -82 8. Situado Distribution, March 27, 1775 ........................................................... 83 9. Shipments of Wood from New Orleans to Havana ............................................94 10. Commerce of Louisiana, 1773-1777 .................................................................. 96 11. New Orleans Exits - Havana Entrances,1773-1776 ........................................... 97 12. Excerpt from letter of Jean Baptiste Berard, at La Belle Pointe on Wednesday, December 5, 1770, which includes a list of his Acadian farmers with com surpluses during the famine of 1770 ............................................................ 105 13. Sugar Production in the Americas, 1741-1770 ................................................ 115 14. Estimated Slave Imports 1701-1810 .............................................................. 128 vi Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. List of Maps 1. Map of Spanish Louisiana .................................... vii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. List of Abbreviations AEA Annuario de estudios americans AGI Archivo General de Indias, Seville Cuba Papeles procedentes de Cuba Hac Secretaria de Hacienda SD Audiencia de Santo Domingo AGS Archivo General de Simancas Hac Hacienda EST Estado AHA American Historical Association AHN Archivo Historico National, Madrid AHQ Arkansas Historical Quarterly HAHR Hispanic American Historical Review LH Louisiana History LHQ Louisiana Historical Quarterly LS