Robert Beverley and the Furniture ofBlandfield, Essex County, Virginia, 1760-1800 Christopher Harvey Jones Submitted in partial fulfillment ofthe requirements for the degree Master ofArts in the History ofDecorative Arts Masters Program in the History ofDecorative Arts The Smithsonian Associates And Corcoran College ofArt + Design 2006 ©2006 Christopher Harvey Jones All Rights Reserved TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Illustrations 11 Acknowledgments IV Introduction 1 Chapter One - Robert Beverley -- Colonial Gentleman 5 Chapter Two - Choices and Constraints 19 Chapter Three - Blanc!field 28 Chapter Four - Conspicuous Consumption -- English Furniture at Blanetfield 42 . Chapter Five - American Pragmatist -- Virginia Furniture at Blanetfield 53 Conclusion - Robert Beverley -- American 69 Bibliography 72 Appendix One 77 Illustrations 80 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Illustrations II Acknowledgments IV Introduction 1 Chapter One - Robert Beverley -- Colonial Gentleman 5 Chapter Two - Choices and Constraints 19 Chapter Three - Blanctfield 28 Chapter Four - Conspicuous Consumption -- English Furniture at Blan4field 42 . Chapter Five - American Pragmatist -- Virginia Furniture at Blan4field 53 Conclusion - Robert Beverley -- American 69 Bibliography 72 Appendix One 77 Illustrations 80 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure One -- Essex County, Virginia, 1755, A New Map ofthe Most Inhabited Part of Virginia ...by Thomas Frye and Peter Jefferson, Detail, Library of Congress. Figure Two -- Blandfield, East (River) Front, Historic American Buildings Survey Photograph, Ca. 1983, Library of Congress. Figure Three -- Blandfie1d, West (Entry) Front, Historic American Buildings Survey Photograph, ca.1983, Library of Congress. Figure Four -- Conjectural Floor Plan, Blandfie1d, Essex County, Virginia. Figure Five -- Side Chair, Solid Splat, Mahogany (?) England, Ca. 1750 - 1775, Private Collection, Author Photograph. Figure Six -- Side Chair, Diamond Splat, Walnut, England, Ca. 1750 - 1785, Private Collection, MESDA Photograph. Figure Seven -- Dining Table, Walnut, Yellow Pine Secondary, Virginia, Ca. 1775, Private Collection, Author Photograph. Figure Eight -- Wine Case, Mahogany, England, Ca. 1780, Private Collection, Author Photograph. Figure Nine -- Linen Press, Arched Pediment, Mahogany, Virginia, Ca. 1775, Private Collection. MESDA Photograph. Figure Ten -- Linen Press, Walnut, Virginia, Robert Walker, Ca. 1760 - 1777, Private Collection, MESDA Photograph Figure Eleven -- Linen Press (One of a Pair), Walnut, Virginia, Ca. 1760 - 1777, Robert Walker, Private Collection, MESDA Photograph. Figure Twelve -- Linen Press, Triglyph Frieze, Yellow Pine, Virginia, Ca. 1780 - 1800, Private Collection, Colonial Williamsburg Photograph. Figure Thirteen -- Tea Table, Spiral Turned Column, Mahogany, Virginia, Ca. 1750­ 1770, Private Collection, Colonial Williamsburg Photograph. Figure Fourteen -- Tea Table, Pointed Pad Foot, Black Walnut, Virginia, Ca. 1755 ­ 1770, Private Collection, Colonial Williamsburg Photograph. 11 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure One -- Essex County, Virginia, 1755, A New Map of the Most Inhabited Part of Virginia ...by Thomas Frye and Peter Jefferson, Detail, Library ofCongress. Figure Two -- Blandfield, East (River) Front, Historic American Buildings Survey Photograph, Ca. 1983, Library of Congress. Figure Three -- Blandfield, West (Entry) Front, Historic American Buildings Survey Photograph, ca.1983, Library of Congress. Figure Four -- Conjectural Floor Plan, Blandfield, Essex County, Virginia. Figure Five -- Side Chair, Solid Splat, Mahogany (?) England, Ca. 1750 - 1775, Private Collection, Author Photograph. Figure Six -- Side Chair, Diamond Splat, Walnut, England, Ca. 1750 - 1785, Private Collection, ME SDA Photograph. Figure Seven -- Dining Table, Walnut, Yellow Pine Secondary, Virginia, Ca. 1775, Private Collection, Author Photograph. Figure Eight -- Wine Case, Mahogany, England, Ca. 1780, Private Collection, Author Photograph. Figure Nine -- Linen Press, Arched Pediment, Mahogany, Virginia, Ca. 1775, Private Collection. MESDA Photograph. Figure Ten -- Linen Press, Walnut, Virginia, Robert Walker, Ca. 1760 - 1777, Private Collection, MESDA Photograph Figure Eleven -- Linen Press (One ofa Pair), Walnut, Virginia, Ca. 1760 - 1777, Robert Walker, Private Collection, MESDA Photograph. Figure Twelve -- Linen Press, Triglyph Frieze, Yellow Pine, Virginia, Ca. 1780 - 1800, Private Collection, Colonial Williamsburg Photograph. Figure Thirteen -- Tea Table, Spiral Turned Column, Mahogany, Virginia, Ca. 1750­ 1770, Private Collection, Colonial Williamsburg Photograph. Figure Fourteen -- Tea Table, Pointed Pad Foot, Black Walnut, Virginia, Ca. 1755 ­ 1770, Private Collection, Colonial Williamsburg Photograph. II Figure Fifteen -- Side Chair, Trifid, Paneled Foot, Cherry, Virginia, Ca. 1760 - 1775, Private Collection, Colonial Williamsburg Photograph. Figure Sixteen -- Side Chair, Trilobate Foot, Cherry, Virginia, Ca. 1760 - 1775, Private Collection, Colonial Williamsburg Photograph. Figure Seventeen -- Side Chair, Carved Ribbon Splat, Walnut, Virginia, Ca. 1760 - 1780, Private Collection, MESDA Photograph. Figure Eighteen -- Arm Chair, Vertically Pierced Splat, Walnut, Virginia, Ca. 1785 ­ 1800, Private Collection, Colonial Williamsburg Photograph. III I would like to express my gratitude to Dr. Oscar P. Fitzgerald for his guidance in the preparation and editing of this work as well as for his inspiration and direction in my study of American furniture. I also wish to thank Ronald L. Hurst who originally suggested the topic and generously shared his knowledge and resources. This research would not have been possible without the assistance and kind encouragement of descendents of Robert Beverley who shared with me family papers and allowed access to furniture from Blandfield in their private collections. Their support is gratefully acknowledged. Any errors in fact or in interpretation are, of course, my sole responsiHity. IV Introduction Robert Beverley's world was profoundly and radically different from that of his father or grandfather, as would be the world his generation would leave for the next. His world was shaped by powerful forces over which he had varying de grees of control; at one level, Robert Beverley was a father and planter, raising his family, managing his fields, and participating in his church and community at the fringes of the great British Empire that was just coming into its ascendancy. At another level he was one of the wealthiest and potentially most influential members of a well educated, economically and socially elite class aspiring to power in an important region of that empire, a region that would during his lifetime assert its independence from the control of Crown and Parliament!. Robert Beverley's immediate world was also shaped by the economic realities of the tobacco dominated agricultural system of the Chesapeake Tidewater, the broad rivers and bay opening into the Atlantic that largely eliminated the need for centralized ports and thus urbanization, and the mercantilist economic philosophies that guided British imperial policy that linked planters more directly to London than to many of their neighbors. Individually, his life would be shaped by his conservative outlook and a deep reluctance to challenge the established political and economic structures that had benefited his family for generations. When Robert Beverley returned to his native Virginia from England in 1761 to claim his inheritance, he entered a world of paradoxes. The wealth that placed him in the I Jackson T. Main, "The One Hundred," William and Mary Quarterly, Ser. 3, Vol. 11, No.3 (July 1954), 354 -384. Robert Beverley ranked among the five wealthiest men in Virginia, holding nearly 50,000 acres ofland scattered over eight counties. His almost 600 slaves were distributed among five counties with working plantations. 2 fIrst ranks of Virginia's colonial society was, however, insufficient to completely relieve the necessity of tending his affairs or elevate him beyond the status ofprovincial upstart in the eyes of European aristocrats. As one of the wealthiest men in North America, Robert Beverley would be chronically starved for cash and trapped within a trading system that rendered his purse and pride dependent on the merchants of London, Glasgow and Liverpool who controlled his credit, the sale of his tobacco, and access to the consumer goods he desired. As one of the region's largest landowners, he would find himself tied to the ineffIcient system of agriculture that rapidly depleted the land's fertility and demanded that new fIelds be constantly procured and cleared. While the system of chattel slavery that he professed to abhor had almost completely supplanted indentured servitude by his lifetime, it would provide Beverley with the manpower required by the labor intensive tobacco culture. 2 Along with the moral dilemma it presented, this perverse institution would also saddle him with the high costs of supporting large numbers of slaves whose value was reduced as less labor intensive wheat replaced tobacco as the century ended. Neither Tory nor revolutionary, Robert Beverley chose to withdraw in the face of the political and military turmoil surrounding the breakup of the British Empire in North America. The legal training that reinforced his preference for reasoned discourse, rational 2 Beverley to Edward Athawes, 11 July 1761. Letterbook ofRobert Beverley, Library ofCongress, Manuscript Division, Washington, DC. The most well known of these