<p><strong>Lec1, 2019-2020 </strong></p><p><strong>University of Kirkuk College of Nursing </strong></p><p><strong>3</strong><sup style="top: -0.42em;"><strong>rd </strong></sup><strong>year students </strong></p><p><strong>Dr Jenan &amp;Dr Suhailah </strong></p><p>Reproductive System </p><p>The female reproductive organs include the ovaries, fallopian tubes &amp; the uterus. During reproductive years (13-50 years) about 450 follicle develop &amp; expel their ova one each month. </p><p><strong>Female Reproductive System </strong><br> <strong>Functions of Female Reproductive System </strong></p><p> Allow for sexual intimacy and fulfillment  Produce children through the process of conception,&nbsp;pregnancy and childbirth </p><p> <strong>Composition </strong></p><p> The external genitalia (vulva) and internal reproductive organs </p><p>1</p><p><strong>External genitalia of the female reproductive system: </strong><br> <strong>Mons pubis </strong> <strong>Labia majora </strong> <strong>Labia minora </strong> <strong>Clitoris </strong> <strong>Vestibule </strong> <strong>Perineum </strong></p><p><strong>Internal Reproductive Organs </strong><br> <strong>Vagina (Birth canal) </strong></p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">-</li><li style="flex:1">A muscular tube that leads from the vulva to the uterus </li></ul><p></p><p> <strong>Uterus (Womb) </strong></p><p>A hollow, pear-shaped muscular structure </p><p><strong>Functions of the uterus: </strong></p><p><strong>1. </strong>Prepare for pregnancy each month <strong>2. </strong>Protect and nourish the growing child </p><p><strong>Four sections: </strong><br> <strong>Cervix </strong></p><p>--<br>Connect the vagina and uterus Outer os </p><p> <strong>Uterine Isthmus </strong></p><p>--<br>Connects the cervix to the main body of the uterus Thinnest portion of the uterus, and does not participate in the muscular Contractions of&nbsp;labor </p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">-</li><li style="flex:1">Most likely to rupture during childbirth </li></ul><p></p><p> <strong>Corpus (Body) </strong></p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Main body of the uterus </li><li style="flex:1">-</li></ul><p></p><p>2</p><p> <strong>Fundus </strong></p><p>Topmost section&nbsp;of the uterus </p><p><strong>Walls of the corpus and fundus have three layers </strong></p><p>Perimetrium Myometrium Endometrium </p><p> <strong>Paired fallopian tubes </strong></p><p>---</p><p></p><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">-</li><li style="flex:1">Tiny, muscular corridors 8-14 cm long </li></ul><p></p><p><strong>3 sections </strong><br><strong>1. </strong>Isthmus <strong>2. </strong>Ampulla <strong>3. </strong>Infundibulum <br> <strong>Ovaries </strong></p><p>Two sex glands homologous to the male testes; located on either side of the uterus </p><p><strong>Functions: </strong></p><p>---<br>Produce the female hormones estrogen and progesterone Store ova and help them to mature Regulate the menstrual cycle&nbsp;in response to anterior pituitary hormones </p><p>3</p><p><strong>Regulation of Reproductive function: </strong><br> <strong>Puberty </strong></p><p>----<br>The time of life in which an individual become capable of sexual reproduction. Occurs between 10 and 14 years of age. Development of secondary sex characteristics. Menarche </p><p> <strong>Menstrual Cycle </strong></p><p>The normal reproductive years in female characterized by monthly changes in rate of secretion of female hormones, in the ovaries &amp; sexual organs. The duration of menstrual cycle averages 28 days but may be as short as 20 days or as long as 45 days . As a result of this cycle : </p><p>Only one mature ovum is released from the ovaries each month . The uterine endometrium is prepared for implantation of the fertilized ovum. The absence of cyclic menstruation is called amenorrhea The ovarian cycle consist of follicular phase &amp; luteal phase. </p><p> <strong>Ovarian cycle and the uterine cycle </strong><br> <strong>Ovarian cycle </strong><br> <strong>Follicular phase </strong></p><p>Encompasses days 1-14 of a 28 day cycle </p><p> <strong>Ovulation </strong> <strong>Luteal phase </strong></p><p>Large quantities of LH secreted by the anterior pituitary called the LH surge , <br>LH is necessary for final follicular growth &amp; ovulation &amp; without this hormone ovulation not occur . Two days before ovulation LH secretion increase 6-10 folds &amp; peaks 16 hours before ovulation&nbsp;(LH surge ). </p><p>4</p><p>Includes 15-28 days </p><p> <strong>Uterine cycle </strong></p><p>Refers to the changes that occur in the inner lining of the uterus </p><p><strong>It has four phases </strong><br><strong>1. Menstrual&nbsp;phase </strong></p><p>-----<br>Day 1 , onset of menstruation Uterine lining is shed Follicle begins to develop Ends when the menstrual period stops on approximately day 5 of the cycle </p><p><strong>2. Proliferative&nbsp;phase </strong></p><p>--<br>Uterine lining becomes thicker Ends with ovulation on day 14 </p><p><strong>3. Secretory&nbsp;phase </strong></p><p>--<br>Corpus luteum begins to produce progesterone Prepares for pregnancy </p><p><strong>4. Ischemic&nbsp;phase </strong></p><p>--<br>Days 27 and 28, estrogen and progesterone levels fall Uterine lining becomes ischemic and begins to slough </p><p>5</p><p><strong>Cervical mucus changes </strong></p><p>--<br>Menstrual phase: Cervix does not produce mucus Proliferative phase: a tackey, crumbly type of mucus that is yellow or white <br>--<br>Ovulation: Distensible, stretchable quality called Spinnbarkheit After ovulation: mucus becomes scanty, thick and opaque </p><p><strong>Menopause </strong></p><p>---<br>Reproductive capability ends Ovaries cease to function Hormone levels fall (Usually between 47- 55 years of age) </p><p>6</p>