DANISH FOREIGN POLICY YEARBOOK 2014 FOREIGN POLICY DANISH DANISH FOREIGN POLICY YEARBOOK 2 014 ISBN: 978-87-7605-691-9 ISSN 1397-2480 EDITED BY NANNA HVIDT AND HANS MOURITZEN 9 7 8 8 7 7 6 0 5 6 9 1 9 DIIS · DANISH INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDIES DIIS 2011 OMSLAG.indd 1 7/4/14 12:19 PM DANISH FOREIGN POLICY YEARBOOK 2014 Edited by Nanna Hvidt and Hans Mouritzen DIIS Danish Institute for International Studies 2014 danish_foreign_policy_2014.indd 1 7/8/14 2:53 PM © Copenhagen 2014 DIIS ∙ Danish Institute for International Studies Østbanegade 117, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark Ph.: +45 32 69 87 87 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.diis.dk Editors: Nanna Hvidt ([email protected]) and Hans Mouritzen ([email protected]) Assistant: Jakob Dreyer Linguistic Consultant: Jessica Lerche Graphic Design: Carsten Schiøler Print: Gullanders Bogtrykkeri a-s, Denmark ISBN: Print: 978-87-7605-691-9 PDF: 978-87-7605-692-6 ISSN 1397-2480 The full text of this book can also be found electronically in EBSCO Publishing’s databases. DIIS publications can be obtained from the booksellers or ordered at [email protected] Editorial Advisory Board Clive Archer, Manchester Metropolitan University Hans Branner, Retd. Eric Einhorn, University of Massachusetts Daniel Hamilton, The Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies Christine Ingebritsen, University of Washington, Seattle Tonny Brems Knudsen, University of Aarhus Henrik Larsen, University of Copenhagen Sverre Lodgaard, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs Ove Kai Pedersen, Copenhagen Business School Sten Rynning, University of Southern Denmark Helle Rytkønen, Danish Institute for Study Abroad Bengt Sundelius, Uppsala University Ben Tonra, University College Dublin danish_foreign_policy_2014.indd 2 7/8/14 2:53 PM C O Contents NTENT 3 S Preface · 7 Chapter 1: Articles · 9 Abstracts in English and Danish ∙ 9 The International Situation and Danish Foreign Policy 2013 ∙ 15 Ulrik Vestergaard Knudsen Danish Defence Policy and Military Operations 2013 ∙ 40 Lars Findsen Greenland’s Uranium and the Kingdom of Denmark ∙ 51 Cindy Vestergaard Danish Contributions in Syria and Mali: Active Internationalism in a Changing World Order ∙ 76 Tonny Brems Knudsen Still Living in the Shadow of 1864? Danish Foreign Policy Doctrines and the Origins of Denmark’s Pragmatic Activism ∙ 109 Anders Wivel Size, Targets and Purpose: An Analysis of Danish Aid Policy and the Emerging International Spending Targets 1945-70 ∙ 140 Peter Yding Brunbech Chapter 2: Selected Documents · 174 Chapter 3: Opinion Polls · 216 Chapter 4: Selected Bibliography · 229 danish_foreign_policy_2014.indd 3 7/8/14 2:53 PM danish_foreign_policy_2014.indd 4 4 DANISH FOREIGN POLICY YEARBOOK 2014 7/8/14 2:53 PM D A NI S 5 Danish Foreign Policy H F O Yearbook REIGN PO LI C Y YE Y A Editors R BOO Nanna Hvidt K Hans Mouritzen Editorial e-mail: [email protected] Assistant Editor Jakob Dreyer Editorial Advisory Board Clive Archer, Manchester Metropolitan University Hans Branner, Retd. Eric Einhorn, University of Massachusetts Daniel Hamilton, The Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies Christine Ingebritsen, University of Washington, Seattle Tonny Brems Knudsen, University of Aarhus Henrik Larsen, University of Copenhagen Sverre Lodgaard, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs Ove Kai Pedersen, Copenhagen Business School Sten Rynning, University of Southern Denmark Helle Rytkønen, Danish Institute for Study Abroad Bengt Sundelius, Uppsala University Ben Tonra, University College Dublin danish_foreign_policy_2014.indd 5 7/8/14 2:53 PM danish_foreign_policy_2014.indd 6 6 DANISH FOREIGN POLICY YEARBOOK 2014 7/8/14 2:53 PM P REF Preface ac 7 E Danish Foreign Policy Yearbook is about Danish foreign policy, including Denmark’s role in a regional as well as a global context. This particular vol- ume presents an official outline of Denmark’s 2013 foreign policy by Ulrik Vestergaard Knudsen, Permanent Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. In a new venture, we have also included a corresponding presentation of Denmark’s defence policy and its challenges by Lars Findsen, Permanent Secretary of State for Defence. After this follow four academic articles by scholars representing only themselves (for author titles and affiliations, see each article). Cindy Vestergaard analyses the international rules for uranium extrac- tion and export, the rationale for abolishing Greenland’s zero tolerance policy in this regard, and the next step for the Danish Kingdom regard- ing its nuclear non-proliferation policy. Focusing on the Danish contribu- tions in Mali and Syria, Tonny Brems Knudsen argues that Danish foreign policy activism remains possible in a changing world order, but only by careful navigation between Western great powers, rising powers, and re- gional organisations. Turning to a historical perspective on Danish for- eign policy, Anders Wivel’s thesis is that two challenges to the hegemony of the Munch and Hækkerup doctrines have been attempted, but were ultimately unsuccessful. Finally, Peter Yding Brunbech investigates Dan- ish aid policy 1945-70 and asks the perennial question: why did a small, northwest European country, with little colonial history south of the 60th parallel, become one of the most generous development aid donors in the world? The articles are abstracted in English and Danish at the beginning of chapter one. After the articles follow a selection of official documents danish_foreign_policy_2014.indd 7 7/8/14 2:53 PM danish_foreign_policy_2014.indd 8 8 DANISH FOREIGN POLICY YEARBOOK 2014 May 2014 DIIS, Copenhagen The editors of politicalscience,hasserved astheassistant editor. student year third Dreyer, Jakob Hans Mouritzen. Hvidt anddr.scient.pol. yearbook.by the field covered arly books,articles publishedinEnglish2013withinthe andchapters offers alimitedselectionofschol abibliography Finally, policy questions. foreign key to Danes of attitudes the on polls relevant most the of some by supplemented is This 2013. during policy foreign Danish of characteristic The editors of Danish Foreign Policy Yearbook are director Nanna aredirectorNanna Yearbook Policy The editorsofDanishForeign - 7/8/14 2:53 PM CH AP 9 Chapter 1 TER 1 · A Articles RTI C LE S Abstracts in English and Danish The International Situation and Danish Foreign Policy 2013 Ulrik Vestergaard Knudsen Danish Foreign Policy and the activities of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 2013 were marked by the continuing economic and political diffusion of power on the global stage – a development that generates dynamism and new opportunities in the globalised world, but also challenges the position of Europe. The Permanent Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs describes the political and economic developments in the world – which have led to a far-reaching reorganisation of Danish diplomatic representa- tions abroad – and analyses the most important Danish foreign policy pri- orities of 2013. The article emphasizes trends in the EU, in international security, and regarding the Arctic and the transatlantic dimensions, as well as developments in the Middle East, Asia and Africa, and finally global development trends. Dansk udenrigspolitik og Udenrigsministeriets aktiviteter var i 2013 præget af den fortsatte økonomiske og politiske magtspredning på globalt plan – en udvikling der skaber dynamik og nye muligheder i en globaliseret verden, men som også udfordrer Europas position. Udenrigsministeriets departementschef gør rede for den politiske og økonomiske udvikling i verden – som har ført til en omfattende omorganisering af den danske repræsentationsstruktur i udlandet – samt analyserer de vigtigste pri- oriteter i dansk udenrigspolitik i 2013. Artiklen betoner trends i EU, på det sikker- hedspolitiske område samt i den arktiske og transatlantiske dimension, så vel som ud- viklingen i Mellemøsten, Asien og Afrika samt, til sidst, globale udviklingstendenser. danish_foreign_policy_2014.indd 9 7/8/14 2:53 PM 10 Danish Defence Policy and Military Operations 2013 K 2014 Lars Findsen BOO R A E Danish defence forces continued their contributions during 2013 to Den- Y Y Y C mark’s active defence and security policy by partaking in existing opera- LI O tions in, e.g., Afghanistan, Kosovo and off the coast of Somalia. In ad- dition, new operations were launched and new partnerships emerged, as REIGN P O underscored by the Danish lead in the maritime transport operation to H F S remove chemical agents from Syria and participation in the efforts to re- NI A store order in Mali. Danish defence forces also contributed to NATO’s air D policing mission over the Baltic States, to NATO’s augmentation of Turk- ish air defence, and to capacity building in East Africa. These operations are testimony to the high international demand for Danish military con- tributions, and it underscores that allies and partners know that Denmark has both the ability and willingness to deploy to far corners of the globe to solve challenging tasks in a professional manner. 2013 also marked the beginning of a reshaping of the Danish defence. Based on the Defence Agreement 2013-2017 and against the backdrop of the drawdown in Af- ghanistan, Denmark initiated a process entailing an increased focus on the Arctic region and on cyber security. I 2013 fortsatte Forsvaret sine bidrag til Danmarks aktive forsvars- og sikkerheds- politik ved at udsende styrker til operationerne i bl.a. Afghanistan, Kosovo og ud for Afrikas Horn. Desuden blev nye operationer iværksat og nye partnerskaber be- gyndte at tegne sig som illustreret