WELSH CONTACTS WITH THE PAPACY BEFORE THE EDWARDIAN CONQUEST, C. 1283 Bryn Jones A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews 2019 Full metadata for this item is available in St Andrews Research Repository at: http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/18284 This item is protected by original copyright Welsh contacts with the Papacy before the Edwardian Conquest, c. 1283 Bryn Jones This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) at the University of St Andrews June 2019 Candidate's declaration I, Bryn Jones, do hereby certify that this thesis, submitted for the degree of PhD, which is approximately 80,000 words in length, has been written by me, and that it is the record of work carried out by me, or principally by myself in collaboration with others as acknowledged, and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for any degree. I was admitted as a research student at the University of St Andrews in September 2009. I received funding from an organisation or institution and have acknowledged the funder(s) in the full text of my thesis. Date Signature of candidate Supervisor's declaration I hereby certify that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions of the Resolution and Regulations appropriate for the degree of PhD in the University of St Andrews and that the candidate is qualified to submit this thesis in application for that degree. Date Signature of supervisor Permission for publication In submitting this thesis to the University of St Andrews we understand that we are giving permission for it to be made available for use in accordance with the regulations of the University Library for the time being in force, subject to any copyright vested in the work not being affected thereby. We also understand, unless exempt by an award of an embargo as requested below, that the title and the abstract will be published, and that a copy of the work may be made and supplied to any bona fide library or research worker, that this thesis will be electronically accessible for personal or research use and that the library has the right to migrate this thesis into new electronic forms as required to ensure continued access to the thesis. I, Bryn Jones, confirm that my thesis does not contain any third-party material that requires copyright clearance. The following is an agreed request by candidate and supervisor regarding the publication of this thesis: i Printed copy No embargo on print copy. Electronic copy No embargo on electronic copy. Date Signature of candidate Date Signature of supervisor ii Underpinning Research Data or Digital Outputs Candidate's declaration I, Bryn Jones, hereby certify that no requirements to deposit original research data or digital outputs apply to this thesis and that, where appropriate, secondary data used have been referenced in the full text of my thesis. Date Signature of candidate iii ABSTRACT This thesis attempts to explain the papacy’s significance to Welsh polities and the Welsh Church prior to the Edwardian Conquest of Wales. Though there has been little sustained consideration of Wales and the papacy during this period, it has been thought that relations developed significantly after the eleventh century. The written work of Gerald of Wales, documents originating in the papal bureaucracy, Welsh chronicles, law codes, poetry, saints’ lives, charters and other administrative documents are used to test the veracity of this claim. The nature of the relationship between Welsh institutions and the papacy and changes in this relationship are also explored. Consideration is given as well to the influence of the papacy on Welsh society. It is hoped that the corpus of evidence identified might be used for further exploration of the history of Wales and the papacy. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My foremost thanks must go to my supervisor, Dr. Alex Woolf. Without his sound advice, wisdom and Job-like patience, this thesis would never have been completed. It has been a privilege to be his student. The financial support of the Saunders Lewis Memorial Fund enabled me to spend two periods in the Vatican Archives researching much of the basis for the second chapter of this thesis. The Fund’s support also allowed me the pleasure of working with the late Professor Emeritus R. G. Gruffydd and Mr Daniel Huws, the former Keeper of Manuscripts at the National Library of Wales. The support of the Fund and the advice given by the late Professor Gruffydd and Mr Huws are gladly acknowledged. I also thank Dr. Sara Elin Roberts for her help and advice, especially with regards to Medieval Welsh Law. Dr. Owain Wyn Jones and Dr. Georgia Henley were kind enough to allow me to read and use early drafts of their work. The friendship of Dr. Jones, Dr. Matthias Ammon, Ian Hughes, Huw Thomas and Dr. Peredur Webb-Davies were particularly valuable when I found things difficult. I thank all of them. Finally, I thank my family for their love and encouragement. The support of my siblings, Branwen, Geraint and Lois was invaluable, especially that provided by Branwen and her husband, Alex, in the final stages. Strange though the work of a medievalist has seemed to a historian of the nineteenth century, the support of my wife, Dr. Martyna Jones, has been unwavering and full of understanding. My parents, Bethan and Elwyn, have long encouraged my interest in history and taught me the value of perseverance. My debt to them is immeasurable. v ABBREVIATIONS AND CONVENTIONS A Annales Cambriae: The A-Text, ed. H. Gough-Cooper; P. M. Remfry, trans., Annales Cambriae, pp. 155–62 AoC R. R. Davies, The Age of Conquest: Wales 1063–1415 (Oxford, 2000) AP J. Burton and K. Stöber, Abbeys and Priories of Medieval Wales (Cardiff, 2015) AWR The Acts of Welsh Rulers 1120–1283, ed. H. Pryce, with C. Insley (Cardiff, 2005) B Annales Cambriae: The B-Text, ed. H. Gough-Cooper; P. M. Remfry, trans., Annales Cambriae, pp. 163–201 BBCS Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies Brut (Pen. 20) T. Jones, ed., Brut y Tywysogyon: Peniarth MS. 20 (Cardiff, 1941);, translated in T. Jones, trans., Brut y Tywysogyon: Peniarth MS. 20 (Cardiff, 1952) Brut (RBH) T. Jones, ed. and trans., Brut y Tywysogyon: Red Book of Hergest Version (Cardiff, 1955) BS T. Jones, ed. and trans., Brenhinedd y Saesson (Cardiff, 1971) C Annales Cambriae: The C-Text, ed. H. Gough-Cooper; P. M. Remfry, trans., Annales Cambriae, pp. 202–29. vi Calendar C. R. Cheney, and M. G. Cheney, eds., The Letters of Pope Innocent III concerning England and Wales: a Calendar (Oxford, 1967) CBT 1 Gwaith Meilyr Brydydd a’i Ddisgynyddion, Cyfres Beirdd y Tywysogion 1, eds., J. E. C. Williams, P. I. Lynch and R. G. Gruffydd (Cardiff, 1994) CBT 2 Gwaith Llywelyn Fardd I ac eraill o feirdd y ddeudegfed ganrif, Cyfres Beirdd y Tywysogion 2, eds., K. A. Bramley, N. A. Jones, M. E. Owen, C. McKenna, G. A. Williams, and J. E. C. Williams (Cardiff, 1994) CBT 3 Gwaith Cynddelw Brydydd Mawr I, Cyfres Beirdd y Tywysogion 3, eds. N. A. Jones and A. P. Owen (Cardiff, 1991) CBT 4 Gwaith Cynddelw Brydydd Mawr II, Cyfres Beirdd y Tywysogion 4, eds. N. A. Jones, and A. P. Owen (Cardiff, 1995) CBT 5 Gwaith Llywarch ap Llywelyn ‘Prydydd y Moch’, Cyfres Beirdd y Tywysogion 5, eds. E. M. Jones, N. A. Jones (Cardiff, 1991) CBT 6 Gwaith Dafydd Benfras ac eraill o feirdd hanner cyntaf y drydedd ganrif ar ddeg, Cyfres Beirdd y Tywysogion 6, eds., N. G. Costigan, R. G. Gruffydd, N. A. Jones, P. I. Lynch, C. McKenna, M. E. Owen and G. A. Williams (Cardiff, 1995) CBT 7 Gwaith Bleddyn Fardd a beirdd eraill ail hanner y drydedd ganrif ar ddeg, Cyfres Beirdd y Tywysogion 7, eds., Rh. M. vii Andrews, N. G. Costigan, C. James, P. I. Lynch, C. McKenna, M. E., Owen, and B. F. Roberts, (Cardiff, 1996) CMCS Cambridge / Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies Councils A. W. Haddan, and W. Stubbs, eds., Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents relating to Britain and Ireland, 3 vols. (Oxford 1869–78) CPR W. H. Bliss, Calendar of Papal Registers Relating to Great Britain and Ireland, Volume 1: 1198–1304 (London, 1893) D G. Henley, ed. and trans., A Welsh-English Hybrid Chronicle in Exeter, Cathedral Library MS 3514 (Unpublished) Descr. Gerald of Wales, Descriptio Kambriae De Jure Gerald of Wales, De Jure et Statu Menevensis Ecclesiae De Reb. Gerald of Wales, De Rebus a Se Gestis E Annales Cambriae: The E text, ed. H. Gough-Cooper; P. M. Remfry, trans., Annales Cambriae, pp. 230–47 EAWD J. C. Davies, ed., Episcopal Acts and Cognate Documents relating to Welsh Dioceses 1066–1272, 2 vols. (Historical Society of the Church in Wales, 1946–48) EHR English Historical Review Exp. Gerald of Wales, Expugnatio Hibernica viii FEA 7 Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: Volume 7, Bath and Wells, ed. D. E. Greenway (London, 2001) FEA 8 Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: Volume 8, Hereford, ed. J. S. Barrow (London, 2002) FEA 9 Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: Volume 9, the Welsh Cathedrals (Bangor, Llandaff, St Asaph, St Davids), ed. M. J. Pearson (London, 2003) Gemma Gerald of Wales, Gemma Ecclesiastica GCO Gerald of Wales (Giraldi Cambrensis), Opera, ed. J. S. Brewer, J. F. Dimock and G. F. Warner, 8 vols. (London, Rolls Series, 1861–91) HoW J. E. Lloyd, A History of Wales from the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest, 2 vols., 3rd ed.