E3S Web of Conferences 31, 02014 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183102014 ICENIS 2017 Enhancing Biodiesel from Kemiri Sunan Oil Manufacturing using Ultrasonics Slamet Supriyadi1,2; Purwanto Purwanto3; Didi Dwi anggoro3; Hermawan4 1Doctoral Program of Environmental Science, School of Postgraduate Studies, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas PGRI Semarang, Semarang, , Indonesia 3Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia 4Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia Abstract. Kemiri Sunan (Reutalis trisperma (Blanco) Airy Shaw) is a potential plant to be developed as biodiesel feedstock. The advantage of Kemiri Sunan seeds when compared to other biodiesel raw materials is their high oil content. This plant is also very good for land conservation. Due the increasingly demand for biodiesel, research and new methods to increase its biodiesel production continue to be undertaken. The weakness of conventional biodiesel manufacturing process is in the mixing process in which mechanical stirring and heating in the trans-esterification process require more energy and a longer time. A higher and stronger mixing process is required to increase the contact area between the two phases of the mixed substance to produce the emulsion. Ultrasonic is a tool that can be useful for a liquid mixing process that tends to be separated. Ultrasonic waves can cause mixing intensity at the micro level and increase mass transfer, so the reaction can be performed at a much faster rate. This study is to figure out the effect of ultrasonic irradiation on the transesterification process of biodiesel from Kemiri Sunan Oil. 1 Introduction productivity of Kemiri Sunan trees is 4-5 times greater than Jatropha and 2 times higher than Palm Oil [6,7,8] Indonesia, which is currently a net importer of fossil The process of making biodiesel includes esterification, fuels, should make biofuels the backbone of fuel transesterification and leaching which requires a strong provision as a substitute for fossil fuels whose reserves mixing to make sufficient contact between vegetable oils are depleted. Sources of biofuels in Indonesia are with catalysts or alcohols. The mixing and stirring abundant where more than 30 species of plants can be a process between the biodiesel feedstock is carried out at source of biofuels. One of the potential plants to be the reactor, where the main raw material and the catalyst developed as biodiesel feedstock is Kemiri Sunan undergo a transformation. Reactor performance is very (Reutealis trisperma (Blanco) Airy Shaw). In addition to important in the operation of biodiesel production, its high oil content, Kemiri Sunan also has specific oil because it will affect the efficiency and productivity of characteristics, relatively rapid growth, wide area production process. development (from lowlands up to 1,000 m above sea Conventional processing of biodiesel is performed level), high productivity, and very suitable for land manually in reactors by mechanically mixing and conservation [1, 2]. heating in the transesterification process which requires Biodiesel is a fuel consisting of a mixture of mono- considerable energy, labor and a longer processing time alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids, obtained from [9,10] Therefore, the design of the reactor which is in vegetable / vegetable oils or animal fats. As a fuel, accordance with the type of biodiesel feedstokes biodiesel has several advantages: renewable energy, low becomes important. Ultrasonic waves can be an CO2 and SOx emissions, biodegradable, non-toxic, high alternative to be applied to biodiesel production Cetane number and does not require engine modification processes to replace stirring and heating functions in [3,4]. However, if biodiesel is made with raw materials transesterification. The waves can serve to increase derived from edible sources, it will compete with food mixing intensity at the micro level and increase mass requirements and is still not competitive compared to transfer, so that the reaction process can be done at a fossil fuel oil [5]. Therefore, non-food raw materials are much faster rate [11.12]. Since the transestrification more likely to be developed. Kemiri Sunan (Reutalis process with the use of ultrasonic waves has not been trisperma (Blanco) Airy Shaw) is a potential crop to be done in processing of Kemiri Sunan for biodiesl, this developed as biodiesel feedstock in Indonesia, whose paper will discuss the effectiveness of ultrasonic wave seeds contain 52% of the oil content [2]. The in processing biodiesel from Kemiri Sunan. * Corresponding author: [email protected] © The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). E3S Web of Conferences 31, 02014 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183102014 ICENIS 2017 2 The Potential of Kemiri Sunan levels, and improving air quality, public health, and (Reutealis trisperma (Blanco) Airy community welfare. 5. Increasing national energy security through the Shaw) in Indonesia provision of biodiesel from plants that do not Kemiri Sunan originally from the Philippines, has grown compete with food and industrial raw materials. widely in Indonesia. The population of Kemiri Sunan crop is concentrated in Garut and Majalengka regency, 3 Biodiesel Processing West Java and in 2008 started to spread to various places that have various agro-ecosystem such as Central Java, The basic process of making biodiesel is the East Java, East Nusa Tenggara, West Nusa Tenggara, transesterification process. Transesterification is a Riau, Jambi, Bangka, And East Kalimantan. The data of chemical reaction of vegetable/animal fats with alcohols Kemiri Sunan tree distribution in Jakarta are 3,500 trees, with the aid of a catalyst to produce methyl methyl ester Bekasi as many as 30,000 trees, Kuningan as many as (biodiesel) and glycerin. The transesterification process 10,000 trees, Majalengka as many as 10,000 trees, Jati includes three stages: (1) mass transfer between oil and Gede as many as 10,000 trees, Bandung as many as alcohol; (2) transesterification reaction; And (3) 3,000 trees, Ngawi as many as 40,000 trees, Lamongan equilibrium formation [14]. Methanol is used as an as many as 13.000 trees, Nusa Penida -Bali as many as alcohol in the reaction process because it is cheaper and 15,000 trees, Lombok as many as 14,500 trees and easily available on the market. Several parameters affect Timor as many as 20,000 trees. biodiesel yields, among others the amount of catalyst, Bogor Agricultural University has prepared a land reaction temperature, alcohol to oil ratio and mixing area of 200 hectares belonging to the University to be a intensity [10,14, 15] pilot development project of Kemiri Sunan crops. Head A study on the effect of the amount of alcohol of Department of Energy and Mineral Resources of West (methanol) on the production of biodiesel from Kemiri Java Province has data of land groups that are potential Sunan oil was conducted The results concluded that the for planting of kemiri Sunan in West Java province: mixed alcohol was about 1.6 times the theoretical 591,000 hectares of critical land, 268,000 hectares of amount, while more than 1.75 the theoretical amount did mine reclamation, 810,000 hectares of CSR from not speed up the reaction, even complicating the geothermal developers, 224,000 hectares Non- Active separation of glycerin from biodiesel [15].. land, 16,000 km border of the main river in West Java, A two-stage transesterification method using oil 2,000 km of roads along the province of West Java. extracted from Kemiri Sunan seed (50 l), methanol (11.5 Currently, it is planned that around 5,000 hectares of l), KOH (96 g), water (10 l), chloroform and area in Production Forest that belongs to Landak, phenolphtalein indicator was conducted. The results Mempawah and Kubu Raya districts, will be planted showed that 44 liters of Kemiri Sunan biodiesel and 6 with Kemiri Sunan plant. This area will be made forest liters of glycerol were obtained. Using this method, area with special purpose which is managed by yields of biodiesel from the Kemiri Sunan crude oil was Tanjungpura University. about 88% [7]. Chemical and Physical properties of Crude Oil from The catalyst used in the production of biodiesel Kemiri Sunan seeds are: Acid Numbers, 13,26 mg KOH/ serves to decrease the activation energy of the reaction, g; Fat Free Acid Content, 6,63%; Water content 9,6%; so that the reaction can take place more quickly. Two Density 985,49 kg / m; Kinematic Viscosity 26,57mm2 / commonly used catalysts are transesterification with s (c St), rendement 43,33% [8]. Furthermore, the oil alkaline catalyst and transesterification with acid composition consists of 10% palmitic acid, 9% stearic catalyst. However, alkaline catalysts can provide better acid, 12% oleic acid, 19% linoleic acid, and 51% a- performance than acid catalysts, ie faster reaction, lower elaeostearic acid. Acid content a-elaeostearic explains reaction temperature (at room temperature) and greater the presence of toxins in oil [13] oil conversion [7, 10,15, 16] If not using a catalyst, high Development of Kemiri Sunan in post mining reas is temperatures, long pressures and reaction times are expected to be made as: required, with the consequence of which is a relatively 1. Land conservation facilities to reforest critical lands large cost. to improve the quality of the environment; The most commonly used basic catalysts are 2. The source of diversified supply of raw materials to Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH), Potassium Hydroxide produce environmentally friendly biodiesel oil (one (KOH), Sodium Methoxide (NaOCH3) and Potassium hectare of land with 100-150 Kemiri Sunan trees can Methoxide (CH3OK). The use of lipase (enzyme) as a produce 6-8 tons of biodiesel per year) instead of fuel catalyst in the biodiesel production process which oil and reduce dependence on imports of fuel oil; requires more complex processes and tools, has begun to 3.