U-Substitution and Integration by Parts U-Substitution The general form of an integrand which requires U-Substitution is R f(g(x))g0(x)dx. This can be rewritten as R f(u)du. A big hint to use U-Substitution is that there is a composition of functions and there is some relation between two functions involved by way of derivatives. Examplep 1 R 3x + 2dx 1 R p 1 Let u = 3x + 2. Then du = 3dx and thus dx = 3 du. We then consider u( 3 )du. 1 R p 1 u3=2 2 3=2 3 udu = 3 3=2 + C = 9 u + C Next we must make sure to have everything in terms of x like we had in the beginning of the problem. From our previous choice of u, we know u = 3x + 2. 2 3=2 So our final answer is 9 (3x + 2) + C. For indefinite integrals, always make sure to switch back to the variable you started with. Example 2 R 2 3 4 1 x cos(x + 3)dx 4 3 1 3 Let u = x + 3. So du = 4x dx. Then 4 du = x dx From here we have two options. We can either switch back to x later and plug in our bounds after or we can change our integral bounds along with our U-Substitution and solve. Option 1: R b 1 If we do not change our bounds, we have a 4 cos(u)du. Note that we use a and b as placeholders for now. R b 1 1 b a 4 cos(u)du = 4 sin(u)ja 4 1 4 2 By substituting back for x using u = x + 3, we have 4 sin(x + 3)j1. Note, we can put our original bounds back once we have everything in terms of x. Thus we 1 4 1 4 1 1 have 4 sin(2 + 3) − 4 sin(1 + 3) = 4 sin(19) − 4 sin(4) Option 2: If we change our bounds, we need u = x4 + 3. If x = 1 then u = 4. If x = 2 then u = 19. Now our problem becomes: R 19 1 1 19 1 1 4 4 cos(u)du = 4 sin(u)j4 = 4 sin(19) − 4 sin(4) In both options we reach the same answer. Examplep 3 R 1 + x2x5dx 2 1 Let u = 1 + x . Then du = 2xdx and 2 du = xdx. Because we have more x's than our 2 2 substitutionp takes carep of, we have an additionalp step. u = 1 + x tellsp us that x = u − 1. R 2 5 R 2 2 2 R 1 1 R 2 1 + x x dx = 1 + x x x xdx = u(u − 1)(u − 1) 2 du = 2 u(u − 1) du 1 R p 2 1 R 5=2 3=2 1=2 1 u7=2 u5=2 u3=2 = 2 u(u − 2u + 1)du = 2 (u − 2u + u )du = 2 [ 7=2 − 2 5=2 + 3=2 ] + C u7=2 u5=2 u3=2 (1+x2)7=2 (1+x2)5=2 (1+x2)3=2 = 7 − 2 5 + 3 + C = 7 − 2 5 + 3 + C csusm.edu/stemsc xxx @csusm_stemcenter Tel: North: 760-750-4101 South: 760-750-7324 U-Substitution and Integration by Parts Integration by Parts The general form of an integrand which requires integration by parts is R f(x)g0(x)dx. Thus it has the form R f(x)g0(x)dx = f(x)g(x) − R g(x)f 0(x)dx. Alternatively, we can use R udv = uv − R vdu Typically, when deciding which function is u and which is dv we want our u to be something whose derivative becomes easier to deal with. Example 4 R x sin xdx We choose our u = x since it's derivative becomes easier than sin x. Then u = x; du = dx; dv = sin xdx; and v = − cos x. Following the formula, we have R udv = uv − R vdu = x(− cos x) − R (− cos x)dx = −x cos x + sin x + C Example 5 R ln xdx We choose u = ln x since ln x becomes easier to work with when we take its derivative. Note that the integrand has another function present, a constant of 1. We can rewrite the problem as R ln x · 1dx. 1 So u = ln x; du = x ; dv = 1dx; and v = x. R R R 1 R udv = uv − vdu = ln(x) · x − x · x dx = x ln x − 1dx = x ln x − x + C Example 6 R t2etdt Some problems, such as this one, require two steps of integration by parts. Looking at our functions, et, does not have an easier derivative or antiderivative to work with. So we choose u = t2. Then du = 2tdt; dv = et; and v = et. Thus we have R udv = uv − R vdu = t2et − R et(2t)dt The integral that results requires integration by parts once more. We focus on R et(2t)dt. For the next step we will use different variables just so we do not confuse them with the previous step. Let w = 2t for R wdz = wz − R zdw. Then dw = 2dt; dz = et; and z = et. R wdz = wz − R zdw = 2tet − R et(2)dt = 2tet − 2et + C Combining the two parts we have: R udv = uv − R vdu = t2et − R et(2t)dt = t2et − [2tet − 2et + C] = t2et − 2tet + 2et + C csusm.edu/stemsc xxx @csusm_stemcenter Tel: North: 760-750-4101 South: 760-750-7324.