International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Volume 119 No. 16 2018, 4719-4725 ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version) url: http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/ Special Issue http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/ IDENTIFICATION OF EUTROPHICATION IN OLD PALLAVARAM WETLAND, CHENNAI E. Santhosh kirubhakaran1,([email protected]), Civil Department, Saveetha University, Chennai, A.Anitha2, Civil Department, Saveetha University, Chennai. B.Subhashini , Assistant Professor of Civil Department, Saveetha University, Chennai. Abstract: This Present study is to understand in understanding eutrophication in old the Phosphorus behavior in Water body pallavaram wetland using both water and sediments and different chemical forms of sediment . The work is carried out by studying phosphorus is present in sediments. This study phosphorous fractionation in water. The was done by collecting surface sediments influence of silicon in phosphorous release is samples from lakes. These samples were also carried out by studying silicate analyzed mainly for nutrients, and phosphorus concentration water sediment column. fractionation. The old pallavaram wetland , once a sprawling water body covering around 189 The Old Pallavaram (Periyaaeri; 12°57′30.73″N, sections of land, has contracted to a little on the 80°9′5.7″E), dates back to 600 A.D were the lines of a lake on one side and a hillock of trash Pallavas have left titles in early Pallava script at on the other. The dumping of waste from all the the cave temple in Pallavaram. Pallavaram is 42 wards of the Pallavaram Municipality for considered to be one of the oldest inhabited about 10 years is the principle purpose behind places in South India. the shrinkage of the water body. Almost 25 A major archaeological find was made in the sections of land had been lost to infringements year 1863 when the British archaeologist Robert alone.Results have been discussed with Bruce Foote discovered a stone implement from eutrophication in sediment samples which is the Paleolithic Age inside a ballast pit. The determined to establish the phosphorous Periyaaeri also known as Pallavaramaeri or fractionantion by using SMT method which Pallavaram lake, is situated on eastern side of shows the result non appatite phosphorous is railway track from Pallavaram to Chromepet, dominant in the wetland. Chennai, Tamil Nadu. It used to be a large lake but it dried up and was polluted by industrial Keywords: waste water and garbage. Eutrophication, phosphorous fraction, non This wetland area is being contaminated by apatite inorganic phosphorous, Old pallavaram different factors and natural condition and the wetland. water is contaminated by untreated sewage and 1. INTRODUCTION industrial effluents. Eutrophication in wetland on major problem and 2. LITERATURE SURVEY are assumed alarming proportion due to several An essential goal of most lake administration anthropogenic activities. Eutrophic water is plans is to back off social eutrophication by nutrient rich and in which oligotrophic water is lessening the Inputs of nutrients and residue to nutrient poor. This eutrophication refers to the the lake from the encompassing zone. Measuring frequent enrichment of nutrients by the addition the lakes eutrophication isn't simple as lakes are of substances that provide for the increased perplexing environments of physical, chemical growth of aquatic plant life. This increasing and organic segments. Nutrients are the main amount of nutrients favours to the over growth source of eutrophication. Nitrogen and alagal blooms which leads to eurtophication in phosphorus both fortify plant development. Both lakes. The main objective of this present study are measured from tests of water and detailed in 4719 International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue units of ug/l (micrograms per liter), or ppb (parts Sample no Latitude Longitude per billion). Phosphorus is the most critical supplement, and is regularly utilized specifically OP_SED 1 12.95748 80.15264 as a measure of eutrophication. OP_SED 2 12.95956 80.15340 OP_SED 3 12.95941 80.15353 3. MATERIAL AND METHODS OP_SED 4 12.95848 80.15350 3.1 STUDY AREA OP_SED 5 12.95906 80.15367 The Pallavaramperiyaeri (literally 'big lake'), once a sprawling water body covering about 189 OP_SED 6 12.95808 80.15328 acres, has shrunk to a small patch on the lines of a pond on one side and a hillock of garbage on OP_SED 7 12.95773 80.15301 the other. The dumping of garbage from all the 42 wards of the Pallavaram Municipality for nearly a decade is the main reason for the shrinkage of the water body. Nearly 25 acres had Table 1: Sampling locations been lost to encroachments alone. The construction of Pallavaram–Thoraipakkam Road, a project initiated to connect Chennai Airport and Rajiv Gandhi Salai, had split the lake into two halves. The portion of the lake on the southern side of the road has completely been covered by garbage. On the northern side of the road, the discharge of sewage from commercial establishments and homes and also effluents from some of the leather manufacturing units in Nagalakeni has affected the quality of the water. This is one of the oldest Palaeolithic culture site. 3.2 LOCATION OF SEDIMENT SAMPLES The sampling was taken on the Old pallavaram wetland sediments during Dec 2017. The surface Figure 1: Location of samples samples were collected from the surface of the 3.3 METHODOLOGY lake is detailed below in table (1). The top surface sediment sample was taken from 7 places The surface samples which is collected in air surrounding the lake i.e., 7 fractions were tight sealing bags. After transporting the samples studied. to the laboratory the samples are oven dried.The method of sequential extraction for the fractionation of phosphorous was SMT which was used to study the samples, The SMT (Ruban et. al, 2001) is done by which fractionates the inorganic, organic, apatite and non-apatite phosphorous in the sediments is detailed in the given below fig(1). 4720 International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue 100 ml of the combined reagent: 50ml 5 NH2SO4, 5ml potassium antimonyl tartarate solution, 15 ml ammonium molybdate and 30ml ascorbic acid solution. Mix after addition of each reagent. Let all reagent reach room temperature before they are mixed in the order given. If turbidity forms in the combined reagent, shake and let stand for few minutes until turbidity disappears before proceeding. The reagent is stable for 4 hrs. the sample is tested using spectrophotometer. 3.4.2 SILICA There wereTwo analytical methods that are used to determine the concentration of dissolved Silica. Atomic adsorption spectrophotometry (AAS) at a wavelength of 251.6 nm was used to determine the concentration of Si in the interstitial water and other sediment extracts. The dissolved Si in lake water and interstitial Fig1.SMT Protocol of Sequential Extraction water was measured.Spectrophotometrically at 815 nm using the blue ammonium molybdate 3.4 ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR reaction according to Mullin and Riley (1966) as PHOSPHOROUS FRACTIONS described by University of Lund (1988). Although the quantitative determinations of e.g. 1 g of sediment was used for analyzing biogenic and total Si are problematic and often SMT method. Chemicals of supra pure grade or depend on the extractants used (e.g. Hallmark et excel grade was used for analyzing the samples. al. 1982, Conley 1998), the analysis of dissolved The samples were shaken using rotary shaker Si is relatively straightforward (but see I), and and filtered after centrifuging the samples. The the results obtained by AAS and residue was used for the next step of the spectrophotometer compared reasonably well. procedure and the extractant is stored in the The relative merits of the methods and possible polypropylene bottles. sources of error are described in detail by e.g. Babko and Pilipenko (1974) and Hallmark et al. 3.4.1 PHOSPHORUS (1982). Although both P and Si may interfere in Phosphorus is essential to growth of organisms the spectrophotometric analysis of the other and can be the nutrient that limits the primary element(e.g. Hallmark et al. 1982), the productivity of a body of water. In instance concentrations of P encountered in this study where phosphate is growth limiting nutrient, the were too low relative to the concentration of Si discharge of raw or treated waste water, for P to interfere with the analysis of Si. The agricultural waste or industrial waste to that interference of Si in the P analysis was corrected water may stimulate the growth of photo for (IV). synthetic aquatic micro organisms in quantities. The silica is analysed by taking 25 ml sample Phosphates are also occurred in bottom adding 0.5 ml 1+1 HCL solution, adding 1 ml sediments and in biological sludges, both as ammonium molybdate reagent and mix them precipitated forms and incorporated into organic thoroughly and let them stand for 5 to 10 compounds. minutes. Add again 1ml of oxalic acid solution The combined reagent is done by mixing the and make it ready to read the color after above reagents in the following proportions for 4721 International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue 2minutes and before 15 minutes by using spectrophotometer. Inorganic and Organic 4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Silica 4.1 Concentration of silica in different fractions of Old Pallavaram wetland 1400 Sediment 1200 Inorganic Organic Apatite Non apatite 1000 800 IP OP AP NAP 600 SILICA SILICA SILICA SILICA (PPM) (PPM) (PPM) (PPM) 400 200 0 721.2427 1303.834