International Experience with E-Voting Norwegian E-Vote Project Jordi Barrat i Esteve, Ben Goldsmith and John Turner June 2012 TION FO DA R N EL U E O C F I T O L R A F A N L O S I Y T E S A Global Expertise. Local Solutions. T N E R M E S Sustainable Democracy. S T N I 2 5 Y E A R S International Experience with E-Voting Copyright © 2012 International Foundation for Electoral Systems. All rights reserved. Permission Statement: No part of this work may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without the written permission of IFES. Requests for permission should include the following information: A description of the material for which permission to copy is desired. The purpose for which the copied material will be used and the manner in which it will be used. Your name, title, company or organization name, telephone number, fax number, email address and mailing address. Please send all requests for permission to: International Foundation for Electoral Systems 1850 K Street, NW, Fifth Floor Washington, DC 20006 Email: [email protected] Fax: 202.350.6701 International Experience with E-voting Norwegian E-vote Project International Experience with E-voting Norwegian E-vote Project Jordi Barrat i Esteve, Ben Goldsmith and John Turner June 2012 Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Foundation for Electoral Systems. About IFES The International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES) supports citizens’ right to participate in free and fair elections. Our independent expertise strengthens electoral systems and builds local capacity to deliver sustainable solutions. As the global leader in democracy promotion, we advance good governance and democratic rights by: Providing technical assistance to election officials Empowering the under-represented to participate in the political process Applying field-based research to improve the electoral cycle Since 1987, IFES has worked in over 135 countries – from developing democracies, to mature democracies. For more information, visit www.IFES.org. Table of Contents ABOUT IFES .................................................................................................................................. 4 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................................. 1 Overview of Internet Voting Experiences ........................................................................................... 1 Thematic Issues with Internet Voting ................................................................................................. 2 Internet Voting Case Studies .............................................................................................................. 4 Electronic Voting Experiences ............................................................................................................ 5 OPPSUMMERING AV TEMA 6 ........................................................................................................ 7 2. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 7 3. INTERNET VOTING EXPERIENCE ............................................................................................... 12 Overview of Internet Voting ............................................................................................................. 12 The Growth of Internet Voting .......................................................................................... 15 Eligible Voters and Internet Voting Turnout ..................................................................... 17 Alternative Voting Channels .............................................................................................. 20 Period of Internet Voting ................................................................................................... 20 Voter Identification and Authentication Mechanisms ...................................................... 20 Legal Basis for Internet Voting and Challenges ................................................................. 22 Trust in Internet Voting .................................................................................................................... 23 Key Aspects of Trust .......................................................................................................... 23 Establishing and Maintaining Trust ................................................................................... 26 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 39 Secrecy and Freedom of the Vote .................................................................................................... 39 Meaning and Importance of Secrecy of the Vote ............................................................. 39 The Challenge of Internet Voting for Ballot Secrecy and Freedom of the Vote ................ 42 Solutions Provided by Countries using Internet Voting .................................................... 44 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 48 The Accessibility of Internet Voting .................................................................................................. 48 Accessibility Norms and Standards ................................................................................... 49 The Norwegian Approach .................................................................................................. 52 The Dimensions of Accessibility: an Analysis .................................................................... 53 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 65 The Role of Stakeholders .................................................................................................................. 65 Stakeholder Surveys on Internet Voting ........................................................................... 65 Summary of Global Experiences ....................................................................................................... 67 INTERNET VOTING CASE STUDIES ................................................................................................ 69 General Comparison of Case Studies ................................................................................................ 69 Trust in Internet Voting .................................................................................................................... 70 Secrecy and Freedom of the Vote .................................................................................................... 70 The Accessibility of Internet Voting .................................................................................................. 71 The Role of Stakeholders .................................................................................................................. 71 4. ELECTRONIC VOTING EXPERIENCES.......................................................................................... 73 2000 U.S. Presidential Election – A Defining Moment ..................................................................... 74 Overview of International Experience .............................................................................................. 76 Technical Comparison of the Six Case Studies .................................................................. 83 General Benefits of Electronic Voting Machines .............................................................................. 84 General Disadvantages of Electronic Voting Machines .................................................................... 85 Cases of Discontinued Use ................................................................................................................ 88 Ireland (2004) .................................................................................................................... 88 Netherlands (2007) ............................................................................................................ 90 Paraguay (2008) ................................................................................................................. 90 Germany (2009) ................................................................................................................. 91 Emerging Trends ............................................................................................................................... 92 Electronic Voting Standards .............................................................................................. 92 Need to Review Legal and Regulatory Framework ........................................................... 93 Transparency and Trust ..................................................................................................... 94 Voting System Security ...................................................................................................... 95 Role of Stakeholders in the Decision Process.................................................................... 96 Critical Role of Election Management Bodies ..................................................................