ISSN 1554-3439 INTERNATIONAL FIRE SERVICE JOURNAL OF LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT Volume 10 2016 Journal Team Editor Managing Editor Production Manager Journal Webmaster Dr. Robert E. England Eric R. England Ann Moffat Jiejia Wang Fire Protection Publications Fire Protection Publications Fire Protection Publications Fire Protection Publications DISCLAIMER Oklahoma State University Oklahoma State University Oklahoma State University Oklahoma State University The International Fire Service Journal of Leadership and Management is an academic journal. As such, articles that appear in the journal are “approved” for publication by Associate Editor Copy Editor Layout & Design Subscriptions & Permissions two to four anonymous members of the Journal’s Editorial Board and/or ad hoc peer Mike Wieder Barbara Adams Ben Brock Coordinator Fire Protection Publications Fire Protection Publications Fire Protection Publications Mike Wieder reviewers. As editor I do not choose the articles that appear in the journal nor do I edit Oklahoma State University Oklahoma State University Oklahoma State University Fire Protection Publications the content or message of an article once accepted. The copy editor and I only edit for Oklahoma State University style and readability. Editorial Board The ideas and comments expressed in an article are those of the author(s) and should not be attributed to members of the Journal’s production team, Editorial Board, or to the Dr. David N. Ammons I. David Daniels Dr. Sara A. Jahnke Dr. William L. Pessemier sponsors of the journal, which are Oklahoma State University (OSU), the International Albert Coates Professor of Deputy Fire Chief /Chief Safety Officer Principal Investigator & Director Director Public Administration and Government Safety and Response Operations Center for Fire, Rescue, & EMS Health Summit County (CO) Fire Service Training Association (IFSTA), and Fire Protection Publications (FPP). We University of North Carolina at Section, Department of Fire Research Communications Center simply publish that which has been peer approved. If for some reason an article causes Chapel Hill and Emergency Services Institute for Biobehavioral Health City of Richmond, Virginia Research Chief (ret.) William E. Peterson consternation, you, the reader, are urged to contact the author directly to engage in a Ms. Meri-K Appy National Development & Research Fire and Public Safety Consultant dialogue; that is how academic journals work. An author’s e-mail is provided with each President Dr. Jeff G. DeGraffenreid Institutes Safe Kids USA Fire Chief Dr. Richard L. Resurreccion article. Or, if you wish, you can submit a three- to five-page “response” to an article in Washington, DC City of Olathe (KS) Fire Department Dr. William (BJ) Jetter Consultant to Training Division which you outline significant theoretical and/or methodological objections to an article. The Fire Chief Sycamore Township (Ohio) Long Beach Fire Department Dr. Shawn Bayouth John J. DeIorio, II Professor, University of Cincinnati Professor Emeritus response may be accepted for publication. If so, the author will be allowed to offer a three- Assistant Professor & Collaborator Deputy Chief Cincinnati State College Occupational Studies to five-page “rejoinder” to the response. This is how academic journals work. For the Iowa State University Ocala (FL) Fire Rescue California State University Fire Chief, Ames, Iowa Mark Jones Long Beach, California most part, however, you should direct your comments directly to the author. Responses Dr. Edward T. Dickinson, MD Director, Strategic Reform Agenda and corresponding rejoinders will be rare and will be published at the discretion of the Roxanne V. Bercik Professor and Director of Emergency Services Agency Dr. Kim Coffman-Romero Los Angeles Fire Department EMS Field Operations ACT Government Dean of Instruction Journal editor. Journals are intended to stimulate debate and conversation. If you do not (ret. 2014) Deputy Chief Department of Emergency Medicine Canberra, Australia Ottawa University like what you read, contact the author or write an article for peer review that offers an Bureau of Training and Support Perelman School of Medicine Phoenix, Arizona Services University of Pennsylvania Dr. Bill Lowe, EFO & EMT-P alternative perspective. Associate Professor of Emergency Dr. Peter Rudloff Dr. David Billeaux Steven T. Edwards Management Assistant Professor Professor and Associate Vice-President Director Jacksonville (AL) State University Political Science Dr. Robert E. England for Academic Affairs Maryland Fire and Rescue Institute Oklahoma State University Texas A&M University at University of Maryland Dr. Susan MacManus Editor Corpus Christi Distinguished University Professor Chief Douglas R. 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Granito Walden University Executive Director Dr. Harry R. Carter Professor and Vice President National Fallen Firefighters Foundation Chairman, Board of Fire Emeritus Dr. Susan Miller Emmitsburg, Maryland Commissioners State University of New York Assistant Professor, Political Science Howell Township (New Jersey) Binghamton and University of South Carolina Dr. Qingsheng Wang Fire District # 2 Fire and Emergency Services Assistant Professor Consultant Dr. Bruce J. Moeller Department of Fire Protection & Safety Dr. N. Joseph Cayer Director Department of Chemical Engineering Professor Emeritus Craig Hannan Pinellas County (FL) Oklahoma State University Arizona State University Director Public Safety Services Fire Protection Publications William M. Webb Dr. Larry R. Collins (ret.) 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Huber Adjunct Professor Associate Director, Fire Protection Chief Dennis Compton Public Service Careers Department Department of Fire Science Publications Oklahoma State University in compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972 (Higher Education Chairman of the Board of Directors Fire Science Program Anna Maria College Executive Director, International Fire Act) does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin or sex in any of its policies, practices or procedures. This provision includes but is not National Fallen Firefighters Foundation Lansing (MI) Community College Paxton, MA Service Training Association limited to admissions, employment, financial aid and education services. Oklahoma State University Published in cooperation with Oklahoma State University, Fire Protection Publications, and the International Fire Service Training Association. International Dr. Owen E. Hughes Chief (ret.) 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FPP is part of the College of Engineering, Architecture, and Technology at OSU and is the leading publisher in the world of fire-related education and training materials. IFSJLM would not be possible without the financial support of the Dean of the College of Engineering, Architecture, and Technology and FPP. Their support represents a commitment to the continued professionalization of the American fire service. As a further indication of the support of FPP to the international fire community, all issues of the IFSJLM, except the two most recent years, are available for reading free of cost at the Journal’s website. Please go to http://www.ifsjlm.org/PastEditions.htm