Commercialising cocoa growing in North Queensland OCTOBER 2013 RIRDC Publication No. 13/114 Commercialising cocoa growing in North Queensland by Yan Diczbalis October 2013 RIRDC Publication No. 13/114 RIRDC Project No. PRJ-000420 © 2013 Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. All rights reserved. ISBN 978-1-74254-607-0 ISSN 1440-6845 Commercialising cocoa growing in North Queensland Publication No. 13/114 Project No. PRJ-000420 The information contained in this publication is intended for general use to assist public knowledge and discussion and to help improve the development of sustainable regions. You must not rely on any information contained in this publication without taking specialist advice relevant to your particular circumstances. While reasonable care has been taken in preparing this publication to ensure that information is true and correct, the Commonwealth of Australia gives no assurance as to the accuracy of any information in this publication. The Commonwealth of Australia, the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC), the authors or contributors expressly disclaim, to the maximum extent permitted by law, all responsibility and liability to any person, arising directly or indirectly from any act or omission, or for any consequences of any such act or omission, made in reliance on the contents of this publication, whether or not caused by any negligence on the part of the Commonwealth of Australia, RIRDC, the authors or contributors. The Commonwealth of Australia does not necessarily endorse the views in this publication. This publication is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, all other rights are reserved. However, wide dissemination is encouraged. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to RIRDC Communications on phone 02 6271 4100. Researcher Contact Details Yan Diczbalis PO Box 2238 Innisfail Qld 4859 Email: [email protected] In submitting this report, the researcher has agreed to RIRDC publishing this material in its edited form. RIRDC Contact Details Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation Level 2, 15 National Circuit BARTON ACT 2600 PO Box 4776 KINGSTON ACT 2604 Phone: 02 6271 4100 Fax: 02 6271 4199 Email: [email protected]. Web: http://www.rirdc.gov.au Electronically published by RIRDC in October 2013 Print-on-demand by Union Offset Printing, Canberra at www.rirdc.gov.au or phone 1300 634 313 ii Foreword The project, “Commercialising Cocoa Growing in North Queensland” commenced following an initial feasibility study for cocoa production in northern Australia. The project was co-funded by RIRDC, Cadbury and the Queensland Government. The initial planting material supplied to four co-operator growers was financed directly by Cadbury. During the life of the project Cadbury as a company was consumed by Kraft whose vision, although remaining supportive of the project, had refocused to other priorities. RIRDC and the Queensland Government maintained their support for a potential new industry for northern Queensland. The research and extension support was important because an embryonic industry based on the production of boutique or north Queensland origin cocoa has emerged, despite the devastating influence of a Category 5 tropical cyclone (TC Yasi) in February 2011. One of the four initial grower co-operators has replanted and is now a producer of chocolate and associated products. This has inspired another two producers who commenced self-funded seed imports and planting in early 2013. This project could support a north Queensland cocoa industry focussed on the production of premium quality fermented dried beans, developing up to 1,000 hectares which could produce up to 3,000 tonnes of dried bean. The raw product value to the region would be in the vicinity of $10 to 12M. This volume of production could be easily absorbed into the cocoa market and would only partially meet the increasing demand for high quality fermented cocoa bean. The project highlighted a range of issues associated with the commercial production of cocoa. Cocoa, traditionally grown as an understory plant, can be grown in full sun but only with excellent wind protection and precise management of irrigation, nutrient and pest and disease problems, particularly in the first two years of establishment. The project also developed a workable regime for the fermentation and drying of bean, which is fundamental for the production of a profitable crop. New and existing producers will need to ensure they use only high yielding hybrid or clonal material for the establishment of new orchards. This project was funded from RIRDC Core Funds, which are provided by the Australian Government and was also supported by the Queensland Government. Industry contributions were also provided to the project by Cadbury Schweppes. This report is an addition to RIRDC’s diverse range of over 2000 research publications and it forms part of our New and Developing Plant Industries R&D program, which aims to facilitate the development of new and developing industries based on plants or plant products that have commercial potential in Australia. Most of RIRDC’s publications are available for viewing, free downloading or purchasing online at www.rirdc.gov.au. Purchases can also be made by phoning 1300 634 313. Craig Burns Managing Director Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation iii About the Author Yan Diczbalis (M.Agr.Sc.), Principal Horticulturist Agri-Science Queensland, Queensland Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry Yan has worked in the tropics his entire professional career, the last 20 years of which he has worked with the tropical exotic fruit industry. He is currently the leader of the Tropical Fruit Research and Development team, based at the Centre for Wet Tropics Agriculture, South Johnstone, Queensland. His interests include the commercial development of exotic tropical crops based on an understanding of crop production patterns in relation to their growing environment. He has worked with a range of crops including; cocoa, papaya, lychee, longan, rambutan, durian, and mangosteen. Acknowledgments The author wishes to acknowledge the inputs of the following; Cadbury Schweppes Growers (Innisfail to Ingham) University of New South Ian Mitchell Noel Stevenson Wales David Preece Gerard Binder Prof. Graham Fleet Bob and Carolyn Broom Dr. Hugh Dirk Chris and Lynn Jahnke Ms Van Ho Thi Thuy (PhD Mark Smith candidate) Mars Chocolate Growers (Mossman region) Zokoko Dr Smilja Lambert Dr Alan Mortimer Dean and Michelle Morgan Daryl Kirk Gerhard Petzl Don Murday Gerard and Angelo Puglisi Carmen White Lister and Bronwyn Pringle Abbreviations CA Cocoa Australia, CCI Cocoa and Coconut Institute - PNG CS Cadbury Schweppes, Australia – now amalgamated into Kraft DE Daintree Estates iv Contents Foreword ............................................................................................................................................... iii About the Author .................................................................................................................................. iv Acknowledgments ................................................................................................................................. iv Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................................ iv Executive Summary............................................................................................................................... x Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 1 Objectives ............................................................................................................................................... 3 Methodology ........................................................................................................................................... 4 Commercial Cocoa Block Establishment ............................................................................................ 5 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 5 Nursery Phase ................................................................................................................................... 5 Field Stage ........................................................................................................................................ 6 Ingham – Site 1 (481 Lannercost Extension Road) .................................................................... 7 Innisfail – Site 2 (Mena Creek Road) ......................................................................................... 8 Innisfail – Site 3 (Henderson Road) ......................................................................................... 11 Innisfail – Site 4 (Lidgard Road) .............................................................................................. 14 Early Yield Observations ................................................................................................................ 18 Discussion and Recommendations .................................................................................................. 21 Cocoa Developments in the Mossman Area .....................................................................................