Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses Spring 6-20-2013 The Spatial Distribution of Tobacco Pipe Fragments at the Hudson's Bay Company Fort Vancouver Village Site: Smoking as a Shared and Social Practice Katie Ann Wynia Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Wynia, Katie Ann, "The Spatial Distribution of Tobacco Pipe Fragments at the Hudson's Bay Company Fort Vancouver Village Site: Smoking as a Shared and Social Practice" (2013). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 1085. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.1085 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. The Spatial Distribution of Tobacco Pipe Fragments at the Hudson’s Bay Company Fort Vancouver Village Site: Smoking as a Shared and Social Practice by Katie Ann Wynia A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Anthropology Thesis Committee: Kenneth M. Ames, Chair Douglas C. Wilson Shelby Anderson Portland State University 2013 Abstract This thesis represents one of the first systematic, detailed spatial analyses of artifacts at the mid-19th century Hudson’s Bay Company’s Fort Vancouver Village site, and of clay tobacco pipe fragments in general. Historical documents emphasize the multi- cultural nature of the Village, but archaeologically there appears to be little evidence of ethnicity (Kardas 1971; Chance and Chance 1976; Thomas and Hibbs 1984:723). Following recent approaches to cultural interaction in which researchers examined the nuanced uses of material culture (Lightfoot et al 1998; Martindale 2009; Voss 2008); this study analyzed the spatial distribution of tobacco pipe fragments for behavioral information through a practice theory approach (Bourdieu 1977; Ortner 2006). The analysis aimed to determine the role of tobacco smoking in the Village. It evaluated tobacco smoking as a significant and social behavior, the visibility of maintenance behaviors in the clay pipe distributions, and evidence of ethnic variation in tobacco consumption. Spatial patterning characteristics were compiled from the few behavioral studies of clay pipe fragments (Davies 2011; Fox 1998: Hamilton 1990; Hartnett 2004; Hoffman and Ross 1973, 1974; King and Miller 1987), and indications of ethnic specific behaviors from archaeological and historical evidence (Burley et al 1992; Jacobs 1958; Jameson 2007). Distributional maps examined three pipe assemblage characteristics: fragment frequency, use wear fragment frequency, and the bowl to stem fragment ratio, to define smoking locations on the Village landscape. Visibility of maintenance and refuse disposal behaviors in the size distribution of fragments was measured through the Artifact Size Index (ASI) (Bon Harper and McReynolds 2011). This analysis also tested two possible indications of ethnic variation: differential use of stone vs. clay pipes, and consumption rates as reflected through clay pipe assemblages. The commonality of tobacco smoking locations across the landscape suggests a significant, social, and shared practice between households. Analysis of maintenance behaviors and ethnic variation proved inconclusive. This study demonstrates the value of spatially analyzing clay pipe fragment distributions for behavioral information. The insight gained from examining multiple spatial patterns suggests future studies can benefit from analyzing the spatial distribution of diagnostic characteristics of pipes and other artifact types. Acknowledgements Thank you to everyone that helped me along the way, I never could have accomplished this thesis without you. Special thanks goes to my thesis committee, Dr. Ken Ames, Dr. Shelby Anderson, and especially my advisor Dr. Doug Wilson, for all their time, feedback, and patience. Thank you to Connie Cash for all the help and kindness you provide to the anthropology students at Portland State. To everyone in the Cultural Resources Division at Fort Vancouver National Historic Site, thank you for the many years of your support and guidance, and inspiration at my field school to pursue archaeology. Thanks also goes to my anthropology classmates and friends, in particular Cassie Manetas, Stephanie Simmons, Katie Wojcik, Dana Holschuh, Kristen Fuld, and Alex Stevenson for paper edits, hours spent in the library together, and laughs during study breaks. Finally, I want to express my gratitude to my family, particularly my husband Erik, whose patience and support got me through these past five years. Table of Contents Abstract Acknowledgements List of Tables List of Figures Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Historical Context The History of the Village The History of Tobacco Consumption Clay Tobacco Pipes The Role of Tobacco in the Fur Trade Tobacco Consumption Practices of Sociocultural Groups at Fort Vancouver Hawaiians and Tobacco Pacific Northwest Native Groups and Tobacco Métis and Tobacco Iroquois and Tobacco Class and Tobacco Smoking Gender and Tobacco Smoking Summary Chapter 3: Theoretical Approach Practice Theory Spatial Analysis Spatial Patterning and Tobacco Pipes Previous Spatial Analyses Studies of Cultural Interaction in Contact and Fur Trade Archaeology Post-Depositional Effects Research Questions Chapter 4: Materials and Methods Projects Associated with the Study Assemblage Summary Materials Analytical Methods Artifact Analysis Distribution Maps Analytical Strategies Associated with Research Questions Chapter 5. Results Tobacco as Significant and Social Practice Variation in Maintenance Behaviors Tobacco Consumption Tied to Ethnic Differences Summary Chapter 6. Discussion Tobacco Consumption as a Shared and Social Practice ASI Values as Indicators of Traffic Patterns Ethnic Variation in Spatial Distribution Patterns Use of Space Post-Depositional Effects Regional Comparison Summary Chapter 7. Conclusion References Appendix: Statistical Test Results List of Tables TABLE 1 PROJECTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE STUDY ASSEMBLAGE TABLE 2 STUDY ASSEMBLAGE BY EXCAVATION TABLE 3 STONE PIPES IN THE STUDY AREA TABLE 4 STRUCTURES WITHIN THE STUDY AREA TABLE 5 HYPOTHETICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PIPE FRAGMENT ASSEMBLAGES IN ACTIVITY AREAS TABLE 6 SMOKING ACTIVITY AREAS TABLE 7 MEAN AND MEDIAN FRAGMENT SIZE BY SCREENING TECHNIQUE TABLE 8 SMOKING ACTIVITY AREA CLAY PIPE ASSEMBLAGES BY HOUSE TABLE 9 REPORTED PIPE ASSEMBLAGES OF FUR TRADE ERA SITES IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST List of Figures FIGURE 1. Hudson’s Bay Posts, Settlements, and Military Posts in the Columbia Department FIGURE 2. The Study Area on the Modern Landscape FIGURE 3. The Village in 1846. Based on a drawing by Richard Covington in the Hudson's Bay Company Archives FIGURE 4. An Intact, Late 19th Century Clay Pipe Similar to those from the Village Site FIGURE 5. Stone Pipe Fragments from FOVA 3023, ST 93 and ST 121.......................... FIGURE 6. Stone Pipe Fragment from FOVA 3164, EU C7 FIGURE 7. Study Area Units FIGURE 8. Pipe Fragments by Size Class from FOVA 3120 FIGURE 9. The Historical Landscape with the Study Area FIGURE 10. Shovel Test Fragment Frequency Distribution FIGURE 11. Shovel Test Use Wear Fragment Frequency Distribution FIGURE 12. Shovel Test Bowl to Stem Ratio Distribution FIGURE 13. All Study Unit Data Fragment Frequency Distribution FIGURE 14. All Study Unit Data Use Wear Fragment Frequency Distribution FIGURE 15. All Study Unit Data Bowl to Stem Ratio Distribution FIGURE 16. Pipe Fragment Smoking Location Attributes FIGURE 17. Smoking Activity Areas. FIGURE 18. Percentage of Pipe Fragments by Size Class for Each Screening Method FIGURE 19. Shovel Test ASI Value Distribution FIGURE 20. All Data ASI Value Distribution FIGURE 21. Stone Pipe Artifact Locations FIGURE 22. Fragment and Use Wear Fragment Frequencies for ST 117 and Interior Smoking Activity Areas FIGURE 23. Map of Hypothetical Pathways Based on Small Pipe Fragment Clusters Chapter 1: Introduction In the mid-19th century the employee Village at the Hudson’s Bay Company’s (HBC) Fort Vancouver was home to people from a diversity of backgrounds. Native Hawaiians, Iroquois, Chinook, French-Canadians, Scots, and others resided within the Village site west of the fort stockade (Hussey 1957). Historical documents contain few details on life in the Village, but do emphasize the multi-cultural nature of the community. Archaeologically, there appears to be little evidence of ethnicity, however previous researchers often focused on the European origin of items (Kardas 1971; Chance and Chance 1976; Thomas and Hibbs 1984:723). This thesis follows recent approaches to cultural interaction and expressions of identity in which the nuanced uses of material culture (Lightfoot et al 1998; Martindale 2009; Voss 2008) are examined rather than viewing objects as “ethnic markers” (Silliman 2005). The study analyzed the spatial distribution of tobacco pipe fragments for behavioral information to determine the role of tobacco smoking in the Village. It evaluated tobacco smoking as a significant and social behavior, the visibility of maintenance behaviors in the clay pipe distributions, and evidence of ethnic variation in tobacco