302 Medicina (Kaunas) 2009; 45(4) - http://medicina.kmu.lt Nutritional habits of middle-aged schoolchildren from Kaunas town and Raseiniai district Lina Škėmienė, Rūta Ustinavičienė, Ričardas Radišauskas, Jolita Kirvaitienė, Robertas Lažauskas1, Sandra Sabonaitytė Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, 1Department of Physiology, Kaunas University of Medicine, Lithuania Key words: schoolchildren; nutrition habits; town; district. Summary. Objective. To evaluate nutritional habits of middle-aged schoolchildren liv- ing in a town and district of Lithuania. Material and methods. The 8th–9th-grade schoolchildren were questioned by an anony- mous questionnaire. A total of 329 students, 169 from Kaunas and 160 from Raseiniai district, participated in the study. Results. Only half of students reported that they had breakfast (61.3% of schoolboys and 47.6% of schoolgirls). More students from the district had dinner in the school canteen as compared to Kaunas students. Only 14.0% of schoolchildren followed nutrition regimen (14.8% of students from Kaunas and 13.1% of students from Raseiniai always had their meal at the same time). Every second schoolboy and schoolgirl consumed vegetables and fruits every day. Whole grain bread was consumed every day similarly frequently by stu- dents from Kaunas and Raseiniai, 25.4% and 18.8%, respectively; the students from Kaunas consumed skim milk more frequently, 26.0% and 11.9%, respectively (P<0.05). Confection- ery was consumed more frequently by schoolchildren from Kaunas as compared to school- children from Raseiniai district (63.9% vs. 55.0%); however, it was consumed more fre- quently by boys than girls. Less than one-fourth of Kaunas students (20.7%) consumed potato chips every day, whereas the percentage of the students from Raseiniai district was only 10.0% (P<0.05). Pizzas, kebabs, and hamburgers were consumed more frequently by schoolboys than schoolgirls. Knowledge of healthy nutrition was obtained mainly from media by 48.6% of students; every eighth student got this information from parents, every tenth from physicians, and 7.0% from teachers. Conclusions. Middle-aged students from both Kaunas town and Raseiniai district did not follow nutrition regimen; half of them did not have their breakfast before going to school. Fruits and vegetables as recommended foods were consumed by half of the partici- pants; every fourth student consumed skim milk, and every fifth student consumed whole grain bread. The students more frequently consumed such foods as confectionery and smoked meat, which are not recommended (every second student); every fourth had an intake of carbonized drinks (the students from Kaunas more frequently) and potato chips (the stu- dents from Kaunas more frequently), and every tenth consumed pizzas and fried potatoes. More than half of students obtained knowledge of healthy nutrition from media, and every tenth – from the physicians. Introduction scientists, healthy nutrition makes up 25–30% of our Healthy and balanced nutrition has a significant health (1). Physical and mental working capacity, impact on human physical and mental development, physical education, and good health are important working capacity and longevity. Proper nutrition is the conditions to develop children physically, mentally and basis of health. According to the data of different spiritually. The regular checkups revealed that the Correspondence to L. Škėmienė, Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Kaunas University of Medicine, A. Mickevičiaus 9, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania. E-mail: [email protected] Nutritional habits of middle-aged schoolchildren from Kaunas town and Raseiniai district 303 number of sick children every year was increasing: more drinks. It was studied if the students had breakfast children were ill with diseases of nervous, respiratory, and followed nutritional regimen. After the study, and gastrointestinal systems (2). One of the main healthy nutrition of students and nutritional habits of boys and lifestyle elements that prevent gastrointestinal diseases girls in Kaunas and Raseiniai district were compared. is healthy nutrition (3). The market offers for children Information on where the students gained knowledge and adolescences more attractive foods, which have a on healthy lifestyle and nutrition was also obtained from low dietary value; canteens of schools are being questionnaire. privatized, prices of foods are increasing, less attention Data of questionnaire-based inquiry were stored is given to nutrition because of increased involvement and analyzed using the software package SPSS 13.0 of students in school activities (4). for Windows. Statistical links were calculated using The aim of this study was to investigate and analyze “EPI Info” program by applying nonparametric chi- nutritional habits of middle-aged schoolchildren in a square (c2) criterion. Statistical significance was town and district of Lithuania. determined by applying Student (t) criterion; a P value of <0.05 was considered statistical significant. Study contingent and methods of research The study of students was carried out from January Results to February 2007. A total of 329 8th- and 9th-grade Only half of studied schoolchildren had their students were questioned by an anonymous breakfast every morning. More than one-third (34.7%) questionnaire-based inquiry. There were 169 students of respondents had breakfast sometimes, and 10.9% from Kaunas and 160 from Raseiniai and Raseiniai of children never had breakfast. A comparison of district (51.4% and 48.6%, respectively). In the study, schools in Kaunas and Raseiniai district presented the 163 boys (49.5%) and 166 girls (50.5%) participated. similar data: 52.7% and 56.3% of students in Kaunas The age of respondents was 13–15 years. and Raseiniai district, respectively, always had Nutrition of students was analyzed by evaluating breakfast. More than one-third (36.1%) of Kaunas regimen and frequency of nutrition (how frequently and 33.1% of Raseiniai students had breakfast per day the students consumed vegetables, fruits, sometimes. Even 11.2% of Kaunas respondents whole-grain bread, milk); in addition, the intake of foods, reported that they never had breakfast, whereas in which are recommended to restrict, was analyzed. The Raseiniai district, this percentage was 10.6% (χ2 =0.43, students reported how frequently they consumed P=0.81). The distribution of respondents having potato chips, confectionery, smoked foods, carbonized breakfast is presented in Fig. 1. % 60 56.3 52.7 Kaunas 50 Raseiniai 40 36.1 33.1 30 20 11.2 10.6 10 0 Always Sometimes Never Fig. 1. The distribution of respondents from Kaunas and Raseiniai district by frequency of having breakfast c2=0,43, P=0,81. Medicina (Kaunas) 2009; 45(4) - http://medicina.kmu.lt 304 Lina Škėmienė, Rūta Ustinavičienė, Ričardas Radišauskas et al. % 80 61.3 boys 60 girls 47.6 41.0 40 28.3 20 10.4 11.4 0 Always Sometimes Never Fig. 2. Distribution of boys and girls by frequency of having breakfast c2=6.79; P=0.03. A comparison of nutritional habits between boys Kaunas students and 86.9% of Raseiniai respondents and girls showed that more boys than girls always had were having meal not at regular intervals (χ2=1.49, breakfast (61.3% vs. 47.6%). This is shown in Fig. 2. P>0.05). Even 10.4% of boys and 11.4% of girls never had Analysis of frequency of meal consumption by breakfast (c2=6.79; P=0.03). gender showed significant differences (χ2=14.5, The questionnaire revealed that only 63 students P=0.003). A greater proportion of boys (8.6%) had out of 329 (19.1%) always had dinner at school, 151 meal seven times and more per day; among girls, this (45.9%) students had dinner occasionally, and one- percentage was 3.6%, but more girls than boys (18.7% third (35.0%) never had dinner at school. vs. 8.0%) had meal once or twice per day. The study also showed that the respondents in the It was interesting to evaluate the frequency of con- town less frequently had their dinner than the respon- sumption of healthy foods and not recommended foods dents living in the district. Only 13.0% of Kaunas and (confectionery, carbonized drinks, pizzas, and ham- 25.6% of Raseiniai students always had their dinner burgers) by students. at school. More than one-third of Kaunas students Less than half of participants in our study con- (35.5%) and more than half of all participants in sumed raw vegetables every day (45.0% in Kaunas Raseiniai (56.9%) had their dinner at school occasion- and 41.9% in Raseiniai); 7.7% of Kaunas and 4.4% ally. Almost 51.5% of Kaunas respondents never had of Raseiniai respondents stressed that they never ate their dinner at school, whereas in Raseiniai this per- vegetables (χ2=2.34, P=0.31). An association be- centage was three times lower, i.e. 17.5% (P<0.05). tween frequency of vegetable intake and sex was In comparison to girls, more boys always had their determined (χ2=7.1, P=0.03). More boys than girls dinner at school (22.1% and 16.3%, respectively). consumed vegetables (45.4% vs. 41.6%). However, However, 38.6% of boys never had dinner, whereas 9.2% of boys never ate vegetables, whereas only among girls this percentage was 31.3% (χ2=5.81, 3.0% of girls reported that they almost never con- P=0.055). sumed them. Analysis of nutritional regimen showed that 86.0% In addition, an association between frequency of of participants did not have meal regularly, and only vegetable intake and place of residence was deter- 14.0% followed nutritional regimen. The respondents mined (χ2=10.63, P=0.005). Only half of Raseiniai stu- of schools in Kaunas and Raseiniai district provided a dents (51.3%) consumed fruits every day. Kaunas stu- similar answer to this question.