GHANA’S CLIMATE CHANGE TECHNOLOGY NEEDS AND NEEDS ASSESSMENT REPORT UNDER THE UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE VERSION 1(January 2003) TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE........................................................................................................................................................... IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.................................................................................................................................V 1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY..................................................................................................................... IX 2.0 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER IMPLEMENTATION PLAN................................................................1 2.1 ENERGY SECTOR....................................................................................................................................1 2.1.1 OVERVIEW.................................................................................................................................................1 2.1.2 ENERGY EFFICIENT TECHNOLOGIES ..........................................................................................................2 2.1.3 RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES ......................................................................................................7 2.1.4 SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGIES ....................................................................................................9 2.1.5 SMALL AND MINI HYDRO........................................................................................................................15 2.1.6 NATURAL GAS DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS (NGDS) ...................................................................................17 2.1.7 COMBINED CYCLE POWER PLANTS .........................................................................................................19 2.1.8 SOLAR WATER HEATING .........................................................................................................................21 2.1.9 WIND.......................................................................................................................................................22 2.1.10 CLEANER TRANSPORT FUELS (COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS)...............................................................25 2.1.11 BIOMASS ...............................................................................................................................................28 2.1.12 IMPROVED WOODFUEL STOVES ............................................................................................................29 2.1.13 LIQUID BIOFUELS – JATROPHA..............................................................................................................31 2.1.14 SAWMILL RESIDUE................................................................................................................................33 2.2 WASTE SECTOR ....................................................................................................................................35 2.2.1 METHANE GAS CAPTURE AND POWER GENERATION AT WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT..................35 2.2.2 WASTE COMPOSTING TECHNOLOGIES .....................................................................................................38 2.2.3 METHANE GAS CAPTURE FROM LANDFILLS..............................................................................................41 3.0 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT...........................................................................................................43 3.1 INVENTORY OF GREENHOUSE GASES ..........................................................................................43 3.1.1 SECTORAL GHG INVENTORIES................................................................................................................43 3.2 IMPACT, VULNERABILITY AND ADAPTATION ...........................................................................46 3.3 MEASURES CONTRIBUTING TO ADDRESSING CLIMATE CHANGE......................................49 4.0 TECHNOLOGY PRIORITIES ..............................................................................................................52 4.1 BACKGROUND.......................................................................................................................................52 4.1.1 OVERVIEW OF NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AGENDA ................................................................................52 4.1.2 SELECTION OF PRIORITY SECTORS ..........................................................................................................52 4.2 INITIAL TECHNOLOGY LIST ............................................................................................................54 4.2.1 ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES .........................................................................................................................54 4.2.2 WASTE TECHNOLOGIES ...........................................................................................................................55 4.2.3 CRITERIA FOR SELECTING PRIORITY TECHNOLOGIES..............................................................................55 4.2.4 PRIORITISATION OF THE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES ...................................................................................56 VERSION 1 (January 2003) ii 4.2.5 WASTES SECTOR TECHNOLOGIES............................................................................................................57 4.2.6 STAKEHOLDERS.......................................................................................................................................58 5.0 REVIEW OF LEGISLATIVE AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK .........................................59 5.1 POLICY ....................................................................................................................................................59 5.1.1 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION PLAN (NEAP – VOLUME 1) .........................................................59 5.1.2 NATIONAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY.....................................................................................62 5.1.3 GHANA POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGY, 2002 – 2004 .........................................................................64 5.2 LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK............................................................................................................65 5.2.1 THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY ACT, 1994 (ACT 490) ......................................................65 5.2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT REGULATIONS, 1999 (L.I. 1652) ...........................................................66 5.2.3 ENERGY COMMISSION ACT, 1997 (ACT 541)...........................................................................................66 5.2.4 LOCAL GOVERNMENT .............................................................................................................................67 5.2.5 GHANA INVESTMENT PROMOTION CENTRE ACT, 1994 (ACT 478) ..........................................................68 5.2.6 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER REGULATIONS, 1992 (L.I. 1547) .....................................................................68 5.2.7 COUNCIL FOR SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH ACT, 1996 (ACT 521).......................................69 5.2.8 STANDARDS DECREE, 1973 (NRCD 173) ...............................................................................................69 5.2.9 GHANA STANDARDS BOARD (FOOD, DRUGS AND OTHER GOODS) ........................................................70 5.2.10 FREE ZONE ACT, 1995 (ACT 504) ........................................................................................................71 5.2.11 CUSTOMS, EXCISE AND PREVENTIVE SERVICE (MANAGEMENT)(DUTIES, RATES AND OTHER TAXES) ACT, 199472 5.2.12 PUBLIC UTILITIES REGULATORY COMMISSION ACT, 1997 (ACT 538)...................................................72 5.3 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ........................................................................................................74 5.3.1 MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND SCIENCE ............................................................................................74 5.3.2 THE JUDICIARY........................................................................................................................................74 5.3.3 MINISTRY FOR PRIVATE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT ....................................................................................75 5.3.4 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE (STEPRI) ...................................................75 5.3.5 INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH (IIR) ............................................................................................76 5.3.6 INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL INFORMATION (INSTI)..............................................76 5.3.7 GHANA REGIONAL APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIAL SERVICE (GRATIS) ................................77 5.4 GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS ........................................................................................................78 5.4.1 GHANA LANDFILL GUIDELINES ...............................................................................................................78 5.4.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION POLICY...................................................................................................78 5.5 INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATIONS.....................................................................................................80 5.5.1 AGENDA 21 .............................................................................................................................................80