Mesozooplankton of the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal with special reference to planktonic ostracods fflwéa aaflrzzlledla [fie Cocfiin University qf Science and"1”eclino[ogy ®or:tor qffliilbsopfiy in flvtarine Science ?&za’e2z life Taculiy of Mafine Sciences 54; P. JASMINE, M.Sc., B.Ed. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY REGIONAL CENTRE, KOCHI-682018 January 2009 Qeclaraiion I hereby declare that the thesis entitled “Mesozooplankton of the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal with special reference to planktonic ostracods” is an authentic record of the research carried out by me, under the supervision of Dr. Saramma U Panampunnayil, Scientist F, National Institute of Oceanography, Regional Centre, Kochi- 18, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Ph.D Degree of the Cochin University of Science and Technology under the faculty of Marine Sciences and that no part of this has been presented before for any other degree, diploma or associateship in any university. / Koch_i-1816-01-2009 4 @er1ifin:ate I herby certify that the thesis entitled “Mesozooplankt0n of the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal with special reference to planktonic ostracods” submitted by P. Jasmine, Research scholar (Reg. No. 2731), National Institute of Oceanography, Regional centre, Kochi-18, is an authentic record of research carried out by her under my supervision, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Ph.D Degree of the Cochin University of Science and Technology in the faculty of Marine Sciences and that no part thereof has been previously formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma or associateship in any university. /:L F I “I” / Dr. Saramma U. Panampunnayil Supervising Guide, Scientist F National Institute of Oceanography Regional Centre, Kochi (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research) Kochi 16-01-2009 ¢j?Qcflnow€ed/gemenz: ‘Ifiere are a numlier of peopfe wlio I owe my gratitucfe to, for wit/iout t/ieir assistance, guicfance amf support tfzis task woufif fiave 6een impossifile. I am Lfleepfy inc{e6teJ to my supervisor, ®r. Saramma ‘U. (Panampunnayif, Scientist ‘F, Wationaf Institute of Oceanograpfiy, (R_egiona[ Centre, Kocfii, for fier proper guicfance, constant encouragement ancf support, wliic/i enalilezf me to compfete t/iis tfiesis. I am particu&1r[y gratefuf to ®r. 7('_.7(.C. Wair, former Scientist-in-c/iarge, Wationaf Institute of Oceanograpfiy, (Regional Centre, Kocfii, wfzo fias 6een a great source of icfeas anzf encouragement tfirougfiout tfie stuzfy perioif my sincere tfianks to, 031’. N Qaliulayan, t/ie Scientist in cfiarge, Watiorzaf Institute of Oceanograpfiy, Regionaf Centre, Koc/ii, for provizfing an exceffent working environment amf constant support. I am tfian/§fu[ to (Dr. 5. (R, Slietye, ®irector; Wational‘ Institute of Oceanograp/iy, Qoa for provicfing t/ie necessary facifities. /'1 very speciaf tfianks to ®r.7(.’l/._7ayala/isfimi, lier guicfance anzf acfvice t/iat providecf a clear understanzfing to tfie correct use qfstatisticaftoofs in tlie tfiesis. )4 very sincere amfextra speciaf t/ianlis to (Dr. CT flcfzut/ianflutty, fomier scientist­ in—cfiarge, for /iis continuous encouragement and support, for reading tfiefinaf tfiesis anti qfi‘ering fiis expertise on tfie su5ject /ias ena5[ez{ me to acliieve tfiis goaf. I Jo not fiave worzfs to express my gratitude to Q)r. 7C7(. Qafizclianzfran, WIO, Kocfii, for fiis vafualile scientific insig/its, suggestions anti untiring support t/irougfiout tfie stucfy. ‘Io my Mr. 9|/luraéediiaran, afways an encouraging worcf, tfiere to [ift my spirits anti tfiefirst sliouflier lent to cry on /'4 true I am so Iucfiy for fiis frienzfs/iip. 91/l urafi gave me tfze confiience to [et fiim reacf my first cfrafts. }{is very cantfizf aruf constructive cornmerzts afways fieévecf I express my sincere gratitude to ®r. ‘I/.17V. Sanjeevan, ®irector, Centre for flvlarine Living (Resources aruffcobgy (CQVILRQS), (Department of Ocean (Devefopment, ‘Kocfzi, for giving me an opportunity to work under tfie Wationaf Researcfi Trogramme '91/lan'ne Researcfi- Living Resources flssessment (91/lR— LR) (Programme’ and afsofbr utifizing tfie fizcilities onfioanf ‘TO‘RfV Sagar .Sampaz{a' for data collection. ‘17ie Help rencferecf 6y (Dr.C.Ravicfiaru{ran, ®r Rpsamma Step/ien, ®r.GP.7(.®inesfi Kumar, ®r. C.(13.La[itfiam6i@a (Devi; (Dr:‘1TC.gopaE1/irisfinan, (Dr. 9|/la/ieswary Wair, 91/lrsflfiressiamnia Josepfi, ancf (Dr. ‘I/ijayafizfismi Wair, wfio were fzanaffing tfie 91/lQ{—LR programme at tfie Regionaf Centre of MO, Kocfii are gratgcuffy acfinowézafgedf My sincere tfianfls to ®r. {Martin ‘V /’Inge[, “Emeritus scientist, Sout/iamptorr Oceanograpfiic centre ancf 031'. _7aco6 george, Rtzf. scientist, WIO, Koclii wlio fiave fielpezf me to carry out my izfentification of ostracoifs aruf cfevelbp some of tfie icfeas presentecf liere. I am very gratefuf to Q)r.S.Q’rasanna Kumar, ®r. Santfia /lcfiut/ian/iutty, senior scientists, WIO, goa for tfieir support and‘ encouragement. I am also incfeliteif to tfie (Department of Ocean (Devefiapment, Wew (Deifii, for tfie financiaf/ielp renderecf as fizffirws/iip during t/ie initiafp/iase of tfie work; I also express my sincere t/ianfls to tfie Councif of Scientific amf Irufustriaf Researcfi (CSIR), Wew (Def/ii for awarding me a Senior Researcfi ‘I-"effowsfiip for tfie fizst one year tfiat /iefpecf me to acfiieve tliis tasfi My lieartfeft t/ianfis to my cfearestfriemfs 5'Vlr.(Bzju.]l, Wliss. 7{._7._7aya&zE,sfirni, 9rlrs.j<1s/iadevi, Wlr. Rafeq, flvtrsivaprasacf, 9|/lrs..Smitfia (BAR, 91/lrs.flV'is/ia.FP. /'lravinzf, 9rlr.Sa5u.(P, 9l4iss.C.7(,9-[ar*ic{evi', 9t/lr.(P.}1nanc{, 9Mrs.’V.(P.£imnam[o[ amf iMrs.}{oney.’U.7(,@i[l2zi;9Vlr7{a5ee5 for tfieir inva[ua6[e scientific ancfpersonaf support tfuring tfiis study ancf for tlie wamifriencfsfiip and love tfirougfiout tfiis study. I take t/iis opportunity to express my gratitude to a[[ my senior frierufs in Wati'orza[ Institute of Oceanograpfi , Koc/ii, especiaffy ®r. Raruppasamy, ®r. K. Srinivas, ®r.9\£’f/.§'l/lacffiu, (Dr._7yot/iiEa5u, .‘Mr. 91/lofiamnzed’ flsfirafi (Dr. girisfi, 91/lrs.9Vla[[il{a and to a[[ my cofleaguesfor tfie mora[ support aruf encouragement. My sincere tfianfgs to tfie stafi‘ of Wationaf Institute of Oceanograp/iy, Koc/ii for tfieir lieén arzcf co—operation eJcterzd‘ed' to me zfuring t/ie periotf of study. I gratefuffy acflnowfezfge a[[ tfie cruise participants aruf tfie crew on5oarz{‘FOQ{fVSagar5ampaJa during fier various scientific cruises. ‘Finaff , to tliose people cflrse to me w/io ofierecf continuous support anifflrve, my parents, /iusfianzf and Erot/ier, I cannot tfianfl you enoug/Z. Last (rut not tfze least; I t/ianfi eacfi and every person w/io /iaif c{irect[y or imfirectfy fie[per{ nze to complete tfiis tliesis in time. Most importantly, I t/ianliflfmig/ity god for 7-[is 5[essings tfiroug/iout my [ife tfiat enalikcfme to fu_[fi[ tliis attempt. flexfizatedla C6 .071. _._eni‘s Ciiaptw 1 mrnonucnom1.1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Plankton 03 -- 01 — 21 1.21.3 PlanktonicMesozooplankton ostracods 0505 1.4 Importance of ostracods 08 1.61.5 Role Review of mesozooplankton of inliterature the pelagic food web 11 09 1.7 Scope and objectives 16 Ciiaptw 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS ----------------------------------------------------------- --22 — 37 2.22.1 Data Study source and sampling Area stations 22 25 2.3 Sample collection and processing 26 2.3.1 Physico- chemical parameters 26 2.42.3.2 Statistical Biological analysis parameters 32 28 Cfiaptw 3 MESOZOOPLANKTON OF THE AHABIAN SEA -------------------------------- --38 - 81 3.23.1 Hydrography Biological ofcharacteristics the Arabian Sea 4338 3.2.1 Chlorophyll a and primary productivity 43 3.2.2 Vertical distribution of mesozooplankton 46 3.43.33.2.3 Statistical CoastalDiscussion and oceanic variability Analysis of mesozooplankton 52 51 49 Cliaptw 4 MESDZDOPLANKTON OF THE BAY OF BENGAL ---------------------------- --82 -122 4.24.1 Hydrography Biological of characteristics the Bay of Bengal 87 82 4.2.1 Chlorophyll a and primary productivity 87 4.2.2 Vertical distribution of mesozooplankton 88 4.44.34.2.3 Statistical CoastalDiscussion and oceanic vaxiability Analysis of mesozooplankton 94 93 91 Cfiaptw 5 mm VERTICAL MIGRATION or MESOZOOPLANKTON IN THE5.1 ARABIAN IntroductionSEA AND BAY OF BENGAL -------------------------------- 123 --123 -144 5.2 Environmental characteristics 125 5.3. VerticalArabian migration of mesozooplankton Sea in the126 5.4 VerticalBay migration of of mesozooplanktonBengal in the 127 5.65.5 Statistical Discussion Analysis 128 128 Cliaptw 6 OSTRACOD DIVERSITY IN THE ARABIAN SEA ------------------------------ --145 - 201 6.26.1 HydrographyIntroduction 145145 6.3 Seasonal variation of planktonic ostracods 146 6.4 Coastalostracods and oceanic variation of planktonic 149 6.5 Diel vertical migration of ostracods 151 6.76.6 Statistical Discussion Analysis 158 152 Cfiaptw 7 OSTRACOD DIVERSITY IN THE BAY OF BENGAL --------------------------- --202 - 243 7.27.1 HydrographyIntroduction 202202 7.3 Seasonal variation of planktonic ostracods 202 7.4 Coastalostracods and oceanic variation of planktonic 205 7.5 Diel vertical migration of ostracods 206 7.67.7 Statistical Discussion Analysis 212 207 BIBLIOGRAPHYSUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 254-288 244-253 List of Acronyms AS Arabian Sea ASHSW Arabian Sea High Salinity Watermass BOB Bay of Bengal BoBPS Bay of Bengal Process Studies CTD Conductivity- Temperature- Depth e. g. exempli gratia (Latin word meaning ‘for the sake of example’) EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone EICC East India Coastal Current et al. et alii (Latin word meaning ‘and others’) etc et cetera (Latin word meaning ‘and