THE ACQUISITION OF ORTHOGRAPHIC-PHONOLOGICAL CORRESPONDENCE RULES IN L2 AND L3 PORTUGUESE: ERROR RESOLUTION, INTERFERENCE, AND GEN ERALIZABILITY By SHARON BARKLEY A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2010 1 © 2010 Sharon Barkley 2 To Herman O. 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank my dissertation chair, Dr. Gillian Lord, for her enduring patience, wise counsel, speedy feedback, and constant availability and willingness to help. I thank my committee members, Dr. Theresa Antes, Dr. Libby Ginway, and Dr. Edith Kaan, for their interest, advice, and dedication in reading this dissertation. I thank my raters and fellow teaching assistants, Andrea Ferreira and Quinn Hansen, for their friendship and for the hours they spent cheerfully listening to and transcribing the data for this project. I thank my statistics consultant, Claudio Fuentes, for his invaluable help in the statistical analysis of the data. I thank my professors and colleagues in the Linguistics Program and the Department of Spanish and Portuguese Studies, for their input and support, especially Dr. Laurie Massery and Dr. Rose Smouse. I thank my teaching supervisor, Dr. Libby Ginway, my fellow teaching assistants, and my many students for all that I have learned from them while teaching Portuguese. I thank my family and friends for their continued love, support, encouragement and prayers throughout this degree program, especially Bill and Mary Barkley, Dr. Thomas Barkley, Sharon Dice, Carol Hall, Tom and Florence Barkley, Liz Horner, Chad Preston, and the members of the “Supper Club.” Finally, I thank God for His innumerable gifts to me, and I pray that He may bless these many people who have so patiently accompanied me on this journey. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................4 LIST OF TABLES ...........................................................................................................................8 LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................................12 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................13 ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................14 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW ..............................................................15 1.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................15 1.2 L2 and L3 Acquisition...................................................................................................17 1.2.1 Acquisition of Typologically Similar Languages .............................................28 1.2.2 The Relatedness of Spanish and Portuguese .....................................................31 1.2.3 Acquisition of L2 and L3 Phonology ................................................................36 1.3 Acquisition of L2 and L3 Orthographic-Phonological Correspondence Rules ............40 1.4 The Relevant Rules of English, Spanish and Portuguese..............................................46 1.5 Different Word Types ...................................................................................................48 1.6 The Present Study..........................................................................................................52 2 METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................56 2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................56 2.2 Research Questions and Hypotheses.............................................................................56 2.2.1 Error Resolution ................................................................................................57 2.2.2 Interference........................................................................................................58 2.2.3 Generalizability .................................................................................................60 2.3 Methodology .................................................................................................................61 2.3.1 Participants ........................................................................................................61 2.3.2 Materials ............................................................................................................64 2.3.3 Data Collection..................................................................................................67 2.3.4 Transcription .....................................................................................................69 2.3.5 Analysis .............................................................................................................71 3 ERROR RESOLUTION – RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .................................................77 3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................77 3.2 Results and Discussion..................................................................................................78 3.2.1 All Production ...................................................................................................78 3.2.2 Production by Group .........................................................................................78 5 3.2.3 Production by Grapheme...................................................................................80 3.3 Other Observations........................................................................................................82 3.3.1 Production by Test and Group ..........................................................................82 3.3.2.1 Production by native Spanish speakers...............................................82 3.3.2.2 Production by native English speakers with no or low proficiency in Spanish............................................................................................84 3.3.2.3 Production by native English speakers with high proficiency in Spanish................................................................................................85 3.3.3 Production by Grapheme...................................................................................86 3.3.3.1 Production for grapheme <z> .............................................................86 3.3.3.2 Production for grapheme <s> .............................................................89 3.4 Summary .......................................................................................................................91 4 INTERFERENCE – RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ...........................................................98 4.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................98 4.2 Results and Discussion................................................................................................100 4.2.1 Production for Grapheme <s> .........................................................................100 4.2.1.1 Production for grapheme <s> by production type and test...............102 4.2.1.2 Production for grapheme <s> by production type and group ...........104 4.2.2 Production for Grapheme <z>.........................................................................108 4.2.2.1 Production for grapheme <z> by group and type .............................110 4.2.2.2 Production for grapheme <z> by group, type and test......................112 4.2.3 Relationship between Spanish Production and Portuguese Production ..........114 4.3 Other Observations......................................................................................................115 4.4 Summary .....................................................................................................................118 5 GEN ERALIZABILITY – RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ................................................130 5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................130 5.2 Results and Discussion................................................................................................130 5.2.1 Production for Graphemes <s> and <z> .........................................................130 5.2.2 Production by Grapheme.................................................................................131 5.2.3 Cognate <s> Items...........................................................................................132 5.3 Other Observations......................................................................................................136 5.4 Summary .....................................................................................................................137 6 CONCLUSION.....................................................................................................................145 6.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................145 6.2 Acquisition of Orthographic-Phonological Rules .......................................................145