A Closer Look at the Application of the Laws 1 MACEDONIAN LUSTRATION (1999 - 2012) Events, Statements, and Newspaper Articles Application of Lustration Laws 2 MACEDONIAN LUSTRATION (1999 - 2012) – EVENTS, STATEMENTS, AND NEWSPAPER ARTICLES Series: A Closer Look at the Application of the Laws MACEDONIAN LUSTRATION (1999 - 2012) Events, Statements, and Newspaper Articles Application of Lustration Laws Publisher: Foundation Open Society – Macedonia For the publisher: Vladimir Milcin, Executive Director Authors: Foundation Open Society – Macedonia In cooperation with: Zarko Trajanovski, M.A. contribution: Macedonian Lustration (1999-2012) Events, Statements, and Newspaper Articles Frosina Tasevska Remenski, Ph.D. Vladimir Pivovarov, Ph.D. contribution: Application of Lustration Laws Editors: Dance Danilovska – Bajdevska Nada Naumovska Proofreading and translation into English: Abakus Design and layout: Koma Print: Propoint Circulation: 600 Free/noncommercial circulation A Closer Look at the Application of the Laws 3 Skopje, November 2012 4 MACEDONIAN LUSTRATION (1999 - 2012) – EVENTS, STATEMENTS, AND NEWSPAPER ARTICLES CIP – Каталогизација во публикација Национална и универзитетска библиотека „Св. Климент Охридски“, Скопје 35.082.5(497.7)»1999/2012» 321.728-021.341(497.7)»1999/2012» МАКЕДОНСКАТА лустрација : (1999-2012) : настани, изјави, наслови : примена на лустрациските прописи / [уредници Данче Даниловска- Бајдевска, Нада Наумовска]. - Скопје : Фондација Отворено општество - Македонија = Skopje : Foundation Open Society-Macedonia, 2012 (Скопје : Пропоинт). - 240, 228 стр. ; 24 см. - (Едиција Примената на законите под лупа = A Closer look at the application of the laws) Насл. стр. на припечатениот текст: Macedonian lustration : (1999-2012) : events, statements and newspaper articles : application of lustration laws. - Обата текста меѓусебно печатени во спротивни насоки. - Текст на мак. и англ. јазик. - Фусноти кон текстот. - Библиографија: стр. 234-236 ; Bibliography: стр. 224- 226 ISBN 978-608-218-163-9 а) Лустрација – Македонија 1999-2012 COBISS.MK-ID 92760330 A Closer Look at the Application of the Laws 5 CONTENT FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................8 Introduction WHY IS THIS CHronoloGY NEEDED? .......................................................................13 Macedonian Lustration (APRIL 1999 - 2012) EVents, statements, AND newsPAPER articles ............................................22 APPlication OF Lustration Laws ...................................................................... 153 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 155 ABOUT Lustration...... ..............................................................................................158 CHAPTER 1 Macedonian Road TO Lustration Law ............................................................162 CHAPTER 2 (UN)BefittinG CONTEXT FOR Lustration Process IN Macedonia .......... 172 CHAPTER 3 APPlication OF Lustration Laws ...................................................................... 176 3.1. Lustration’S SCOPE OF APPlication .......................................................... 176 3.1.1. Lustration’S TIME SCOPE ..................................................................................... 176 3.1.2. CateGORIES OF PERSONS AND OFFICES COVERED BY lustration ............ 179 3.2. Commission FOR Verification OF Facts: OPerational SET-UP AND Procedure ON DETERMINING COLLABoration witH state SECURITY SERVICES ............................................................................184 6 MACEDONIAN LUSTRATION (1999 - 2012) – EVENTS, STATEMENTS, AND NEWSPAPER ARTICLES 3.2.1. ARE CONDITIONS IN Place FOR IMPLEMENTING fair Procedures BEFORE THE Commission FOR Verification OF Facts? ............................ 185 3.2.2. Lustration IN Macedonia: Protection OF PUBLIC interest OR Violation OF THE RIGHT TO PRIVacY? .................................... 192 3.3. OTHER BODIES INVOLVED IN lustration Process .................................. 193 3.3.1. Administration FOR SECURITY AND COUNTERINTELLIGENCE at THE MinistrY OF INTERIOR .............................................................................198 3.3.2. INTELLIGENCE AGENCY ............................................................................................202 3.3.3. SECURITY AND COUNTERINTELLIGENCE DEPartment at THE MinistrY OF DEFENCE ..............................................................................204 3.3.4. State ArcHIVE OF THE REPUBLIC OF Macedonia .........................................205 CHAPTER 4 SECURITY ASPects .....................................................................................................207 4.1. SECRET data COLLECTION..................................................................................207 4.2. State SECURITY SERVICES’ RECORDS ............................................................ 211 4.3. International COOPeration CONCERNING access TO RECORDS IN lustration Process ..................................................214 CHAPTER 5 Conclusions AND Recommendations ..............................................................216 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................ 224 A Closer Look at the Application of the Laws 7 8 MACEDONIAN LUSTRATION (1999 - 2012) – EVENTS, STATEMENTS, AND NEWSPAPER ARTICLES FOREWORD ifth edition in the series “Law Watch Analyses: A Closer Look at the FApplication of the Laws” is dedicated to “Macedonian Lustration (1999 - 2012) – Events, Statements, and Newspaper Articles: Application of Lustration Laws”. In order to grasp the complexity of Macedonian lustration, and at the same time taking into account the late adoption of lustration law in 2008, this publication is divided into two parts. The first part provides an overview of the most important events, statements and newspaper articles from April 1999, i.e., prior to adoption of the Law on Treatment of Personal Dossiers Kept by State Security Service (SDB), to date. The second part contains an analysis of lustration laws’ application. This means that apart from analysis of 2008 and 2012 lustration laws’ application, it contains a review of all law-related regulations, domestic and international, in order to explain lustration as a complex term that covers an array of interpretations and legal procedures aimed to dismantle the heritage of communist regimes. Social and political context in which lustration in Macedonia is implemented, disputable legal solutions in terms of constitutionality and procedures on determining (non)collaboration with state security services, impose the need for analysis of lustration’s implementation and application of regulations that govern it. Moreover, four years from the introduction of lustration legislation in Macedonia, time is ripe to reconsider the manner in which this process is implemented. A Closer Look at the Application of the Laws 9 This publication is an attempt to present steps taken by competent institutions, on whose basis readers will be able to assess whether they reflect the principle according to which lustration should be a measure that contributes towards development of democracy and democratic institutions, the rule of law and protection of citizens’ rights and freedoms. Finally, before we move to presentation of analysis’ main findings, it should be noted that this analysis was preceded by activities taken by the Foundation Open Society – Macedonia, which are considered important in regard to lustration’s implementation within a legal state, such as participation in the project “Disclosing Hidden Histories: Lustration in the Western Balkans”, as well as initiatives motioned in front of the Constitutional Court for the purpose of assessing 2008 lustration law’s constitutionality Special emphasis should be given to the debate organized in April 2012 and titled “What Does the New Law on Lustration Bring? Dismantling the Heritage of Former Communist Regime or Legalizing Political Revanchism?”, in particular because it was initiated due to the fourth legal intervention within a period of four years, but also due to the numerous controversies that accompanied lustration law’s application. It is our hope that this analysis will be an additional document that would contribute to creation of an appropriate framework on evaluating application of laws by the competent institutions. From the Editors 10 MACEDONIAN LUSTRATION (1999 - 2012) – EVENTS, STATEMENTS, AND NEWSPAPER ARTICLES A Closer Look at the Application of the Laws 11 MACEDONIAN LUSTRATION (1999 - 2012) Еvents, Statements, and Newspaper Articles 12 MACEDONIAN LUSTRATION (1999 - 2012) – EVENTS, STATEMENTS, AND NEWSPAPER ARTICLES A Closer Look at the Application of the Laws 13 Introduction WHY IS THIS CHronoloGY NEEDED? ustration does not imply only drafting of laws and regulations, Lorganization of parliamentary debates, law implementation, motioning constitutional and judicial petitions and court trials. One could hardly grasp complexities of Macedonian lustration without giving due consideration of the great role played by the media in instigating broad public debate. Therefore, “Macedonian Lustration (1999 - 2012) – Events, Statements, and Newspaper Articles” provides an overview of the most important events, statements and newspaper articles, as reported in the most influential