Migrant fishers and fishing in the Western Indian Ocean: Socio-economic dynamics and implications for management Februaryr , 2011 PIs: Innocent Wanyonyi (CORDIO E.A, Kenya / Linnaeus University, Sweden) Dr Beatrice Crona (Stockholm Resilience Center, University of Stockholm, Sweden) Dr Sérgio Rosendo (FCSH, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal / UEA, UK) Country Co‐Investigators: Dr Simeon Mesaki (University of Dar es Salaam)‐ Tanzania Dr Almeida Guissamulo (University of Eduardo Mondlane)‐ Mozambique Jacob Ochiewo (Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute)‐ Kenya Chris Poonian (Community Centred Conservation)‐ Comoros Garth Cripps (Blue Ventures) funded by ReCoMaP ‐Madagascar Research Team members: Steven Ndegwa and John Muturi (Fisheries Department)‐ Kenya Tim Daw (University of East Anglia, UK)‐ Responsible for Database The material in this report is based upon work supported by MASMA, WIOMSA under Grant No. MASMA/CR/2008/02 Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendation expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the WIOMSA. Copyright in this publication and in all text, data and images contained herein, except as otherwise indicated, rests with the authors and WIOMSA. Keywords: Fishers, migration, Western Indian Ocean. Page | 1 Recommended citation: WIOMSA (2011). Migrant fishers and fishing in the Western Indian Ocean: Socio‐economic dynamics and implications for management. Final Report of Commissioned Research Project MASMA/CR/2008/02. Page | 2 Table of Contents 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 5 2. Background and theory ................................................................................................... 8 2.1 Drafting a theoretical framework for studying migration in fisheries ...................... 9 2.2 Migrant selectivity: the mechanisms by which migration occurs .......................... 10 2.3 Effects of migration on host and home communities ............................................ 12 2.3.1 Knowledge, values and attitudes ..................................................................... 12 2.3.2 Social relations and local institutions .............................................................. 13 2.3.3 Remittances ..................................................................................................... 13 2.4 Report structure .................................................................................................. 15 3. Methods ........................................................................................................................ 17 3.1 Country descriptions and study sites ...................................................................... 17 KENYA ........................................................................................................................ 17 TANZANIA .................................................................................................................. 20 MOZAMBIQUE .......................................................................................................... 22 COMOROS ................................................................................................................. 31 3.2 Methods of data elicitation .................................................................................... 35 Survey instrument ..................................................................................................... 35 Key informant interviews .......................................................................................... 35 3.3 Data analysis ........................................................................................................... 36 4. Characterization of migrants and migration patterns in the Western Indian Ocean region ................................................................................................................................ 37 4.1 Different types of fishers movements – arriving at definitions of fishers’ migration ....................................................................................................................................... 37 4.2. Fishers’ migration patterns in the Western Indian Ocean region ......................... 38 KENYA ........................................................................................................................ 38 TANZANIA .................................................................................................................. 45 MOZAMBIQUE .......................................................................................................... 52 COMOROS ................................................................................................................. 62 Summary ................................................................................................................... 67 5. Drivers of migration ...................................................................................................... 68 KENYA ........................................................................................................................ 68 TANZANIA .................................................................................................................. 69 MOZAMBIQUE .......................................................................................................... 70 COMOROS ................................................................................................................. 72 6. Mechanisms facilitating or hindering migration ........................................................... 74 KENYA ........................................................................................................................ 74 TANZANIA .................................................................................................................. 75 MOZAMBIQUE .......................................................................................................... 76 COMOROS ................................................................................................................. 77 Summary ................................................................................................................... 77 7. The role of external factors in facilitating or constraining migration ........................... 79 KENYA ........................................................................................................................ 79 TANZANIA .................................................................................................................. 82 Page | 3 MOZAMBIQUE .......................................................................................................... 83 COMOROS ................................................................................................................. 87 Summary ................................................................................................................... 88 8. Impacts of migration on communities of destination .................................................. 91 KENYA ........................................................................................................................ 91 TANZANIA .................................................................................................................. 96 MOZAMBIQUE .......................................................................................................... 99 COMOROS ............................................................................................................... 105 Summary ................................................................................................................. 106 9. Issues facing migrants ................................................................................................. 108 9.1. Positive and negative aspects of being a migrant ............................................... 108 KENYA ...................................................................................................................... 108 TANZANIA ................................................................................................................ 109 MOZAMBIQUE ........................................................................................................ 110 COMOROS ............................................................................................................... 112 9.2. Health issues and other vulnerabilities................................................................ 112 Policy on migration as a cause of migrant fisher vulnerability ............................... 114 10. Recommendations .................................................................................................... 116 10.1. Policy Messages ................................................................................................. 116 10.2. Recommendations ............................................................................................. 116 11. Future research and lessons learned ........................................................................ 119 11.1. Lessons learned .................................................................................................. 119 11.2. Future research and links to other MASMA projects ........................................ 120 Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................