SPeciAl rePort A Selection of PAPerS PreSented At the 2019 fort leAvenworth ethicS SymPoSium March 25, 2019 Lewis and Clark Center Fort Leavenworth, Kansas cGSc foundAtion, inc. • Arthur d. SimonS center • u.S. Army commAnd And GenerAl StAff colleGe About the Simons Center The Arthur D. Simons Center for Interagency Cooperation is a major program of the Command and General Staff College Foundation, Inc. The Simons Center is committed to the development of military leaders with interagency operational skills and an interagency body of knowledge that facilitates broader and more effective cooperation and policy implementation. In addition to sponsoring programs at the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, the Simons Center publishes the InterAgency Journal as well as special reports and publications. For more information about the Simons Center and the CGSC Foundation visit: www.TheSimonsCenter.org www.cgscfoundation.org About the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College The mission of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College is to educate and develop leaders for full-spectrum joint, interagency, and multinational Operations; act as lead agent for the Army’s leader development programs; and advance the art and science of the profession of arms in support of Army operational requirements. Since its inception in 1881 as the School of Application for Infantry and Cavalry, the Command and General Staff College has evolved to meet the educational and operational needs of the United States Army. Since World War II, it has generally been known as the school for Army majors, though the College contains other schools and it educates officers from other military services and from other countries. For more information about the College visit: http://usacac.army.mil/organizations/cace/cgsc Ethical Implications of Large Scale Combat Operations A Selection of Papers Presented at the 2019 Fort Leavenworth Ethics Symposium Foreword by Roderick M. Cox President & Chief Executive Officer Command and General Staff College Foundation, Inc. Edited by Elizabeth Ditsch Arthur D. Simons Center for Interagency Cooperation Fort Leavenworth, Kansas Special Thanks to Chaplain (Major) Jonathan Bailey, Dr. Ted Thomas, and the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College Department of Command and Leadership for coordinating the Fort Leavenworth Ethics Symposium. Copyright 2019, CGSC Foundation, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retieval system, or transmitted by any means without the written permission of the CGSC Foundation, Inc. The papers included in this publication represent the opinions of the author(s) and do not reflect the official views of any United States government agency, the Department of Defense, the Department of the Army, the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, the Command and General Staff College Foundation, the Simons Center, or any other non-government, private, public or international organization. Advertisements, promotions, statements, and logos are those of U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, the CGSC Foundation, Inc., or other organizations supporting this program. The United States Army neither states nor implies any endorsement, association, or recommendation with regard to the CGSC Foundation or other organizations. Publications released by the Simons Center are copyrighted. Please contact the Simons Center for use of its materials. This publication should be acknowledged whenever material is quoted from or based on its content. Questions about this publication should be directed to the Arthur D. Simons Center, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas 66027 - email: [email protected], or by phone at 913-682-7244. Fort Leavenworth Ethics Symposium Ethical Implications of Large Scale Combat Operations March 25, 2019 Agenda Monday, 25 March 8:30-9:30 a.m. Keynote by Dr. Shannon E. French 9:30-9:45 a.m. Break 9:45-11:00 a.m. Breakout Sessions 11:00-11:15 a.m. Break 11:15-12:30 p.m. Panel: Genocide, War Crimes, and Other Atrocities 12:30-1:30 p.m. Lunch and Break 1:30-2:45 p.m. Breakout Sessions 2:45-3:00 p.m. Break 3:00-4:15 p.m. Panel: Transhumanism, Artificial Intelligence, and Large Scale Combat Operations 4:15-4:30 p.m. Recognition and Awards Panel Discussion Topics When Things Go Wrong: Genocide, War Crimes, and Other Atrocities Moderated by Dr. Shannon French, General Hugh Shelton Distinguished Visiting Chair of Ethics, Command and General Staff College Foundation; Inamori Professor in Ethics, Case Western Reserve University Transhumanism, Artificial Intelligence, and Large Scale Combat Operations Moderated by Dr. Shannon French, General Hugh Shelton Distinguished Visiting Chair of Ethics, Command and General Staff College Foundation; Inamori Professor in Ethics, Case Western Reserve University Contents Foreword .............................................................................9 by Roderick M. Cox Bear River Massacre and the Ethical Implications for Large Scale Combat Operations ...........11 by Michael Andersen A Survey of Military Oaths in Russian History .............................................23 by Shushanna Baumann The Persistent Holocaust and the Kielce Pogrom of July 1946 ................................29 by David Cotter Captain Miller or Major Powers? Developing the Proper Ethical Culture for Large Scale Combat Operations ......................................................37 by William J. Davis, Jr. and Mark Kormos Can the United States Wage Existential Warfare Without Foundational Principles or Truths? .....45 by Eric Dean War Crimes in the Philippines during WWII ..............................................53 by Cecilia Gaerlan The Military Officer in Moral Jeopardy or The Problem of Serving Under Unethical Senior Leaders: A Philosophical Essay ....................................................61 by Prisco R. Hernández, Ph.D. Reimaging “Honorable Death” in Future Large Scale Combat Operations ......................69 by E. Ann Jeschke, Ph.D. and Sarah L. Huffman, Ph.D. Ours is to Reason Why: The Ethics of Tactical Risk Assessment in Large Scale Combat ...........81 by Trent J. Lythgoe Military Intelligence Officers Analytical Integrity Education .................................91 by William A. Martin Contents (cont’d) The Ethical Considerations of Unmasking Procedures .......................................99 by Joshua A. Metz “Plans from Hell”: Ethical Implications of the Third Reich’s Vision for War in the East .........111 by Mark V. Montesclaros The Ethics of Acquiring Disruptive Technologies: Artificial Intelligence, Autonomous Weapon and Decisions Support Systems ......................................129 by C. Anthony Pfaff The Moral Leadership Training Model: Addressing the Army’s Dearth of Moral Leadership Training Tools .......................................................157 by Derek M. Pottinger Ready or Not (?) The Ethics of Time in Preparing for Large Scale Combat Operations: Navigate Chronos Lest We Die .........................................................173 by Samuel L. Rico Strategic Value of an Ethics-Based Army Public Affairs Program Setting the Stage for Credibility in Large Scale Combat Operations .........................................181 by Chase Spears Foreword by Roderick M. Cox Beginning in 2009, the Command and General Staff College Foundation has partnered each year with the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College to host an annual ethics symposium at Fort Leavenworth. These annual symposia provide an opportunity for academics and practitioners to come together to discuss ethics as they relate to the profession of arms, the practice of state controlled violence, and national security. The 2019 Fort Leavenworth Ethics Symposium was conducted March 25, 2019, with the theme of “Ethical Implications of Large Scale Combat Operations.” The symposium included a variety of guest speakers, panel discussions, and paper presentations. Over thirty papers were accepted for presentation at the symposium. This publication is a collection of sixteen of those papers, published largely as submitted. Other papers were published in a special edition of the Simons Center’s InterAgency Journal earlier this year, and are listed below. InterAgency Journal Vol. 10, Issue 3 (2019) “Military Neuro-Interventions: Solving the Right Problems for Ethical Outcomes” by Shannon E. French and Jacob A. Sandstrom “The Decembrist Revolt and its Aftermath: Values in Conflict” by Robert F. Baumann “Coding Just War Theory: Artificial Intelligence in Warfare” by Dana Gingrich “When Asimov’s Robots Encounter the Laws of War” by Michael H. Hoffman “Defense Against Weaponized Information: A Human Problem, Not Just A Technical One” by Nicholas J. Kane “Bridging the Accountability Gap: The Special Court for Sierra Leone” by Dale McFeatters “Engineering Telos: Flourishing in the Context of AI and Transhumanism” by Braden Molhoek “The Role of Cognitive Dissonance in Dehumanization: Denying Humanity through AI” by Bobbie Murray and Beata Moore “Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Autonomous Weapon Systems and the Laws of Armed Conflict” by Dustin P.J. Murphy “The Influence of Transhumanist Thought on Human Enhancement” by Jeff Sheets Arthur D. Simons Center for Interagency Cooperation, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas 9 10 Simons Center Special Report, Ethical Implications of Large Scale Combat Operations, 2019 Bear River Massacre and the Ethical Implications for Large Scale Combat Operations Michael Andersen One hundred fifty-six