A Hermeneutic Historical Study of Kazimierz Dabrowski and his Theory of Positive Disintegration Marjorie M. Kaminski Battaglia Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Human Development Dr. Marcie Boucouvalas, Chair Dr. M. Gerald Cline, Research Chair Dr. Clare Klunk Dr. Linda Morris Dr. Karen Rosen March 20, 2002 Falls Church, Virginia Keywords: Positive Disintegration, Human Development, Hermeneutic, transpersonal, TPD, Dabrowski Copyright 2002, Marjorie M. Kaminski Battaglia Abstract A Hermeneutic Historical Study of Kazimierz Dabrowski and his Theory of Positive Disintegration Marjorie M. Kaminski Battaglia The inquiry is a hermeneutic historical study of the historical factors in the life of Kazimierz Dabrowski which contributed to the shaping of his Theory of Positive Disintegration. Relatively little information has been written on the life and theory of Kazimierz Dabrowski. The researcher contends that knowledge of Dabrowski, the man, will aid in an understanding of his theory. The journey in which an individual “develops” to the level at which “the other” becomes a higher concern than the self, is the “stuff” of Kazimierz Dabrowski’s Theory of Positive Disintegration. It is a paradoxical theory of human development, based on the premise that “good can follow from bad.” Crisis and suffering act as the propellents into an internal as well as external battle with self and environment to move out of the “what is” and travel to the “what ought to be.” Illuminated within this study, is how the life of Dabrowski demonstrates this moral and psychic struggle. Data collection for this qualitative study was accomplished over a four year period through a “deep” reading of the works of Dabrowski and a search for biographical material. The researcher was the first to utilize a ten volume file on Dabrowski housed in the National Archives of Ottawa in Canada which houses a plethora of Dabrowski’s books and papers. The researcher, following a hermeneutic research approach, traveled to Poland to “walk in Dabrowski’s footsteps.” Within this journey, the researcher utilized the facilities of many archives in Poland - at libraries, and within prisons. Given the researcher’s Polish heritage, a basic knowledge of the Polish language aided the researcher greatly in these endeavors. The journey served to deepen the researcher’s understanding of Dabrowski, the man - his history and his country. Finally, the researcher interviewed several of Dabrowski’s friends, co-authors, students and associates. This study serves as a baseline endeavor for additional research. The researcher’s purpose was to aid in understanding Dabrowski - the man and his theory. The research journey was an attempt by the researcher to keep alive and renew interest in a theory of human development that is in danger of being forgotten. i Dedication The researcher dedicates this study to Our Lady of Czestochowa - Poland’s Black Madonna. “Jasna Gora (Polish shrine of Our Lady of Czestochowa) was “the nation’s shrine.” Here was where one learned what Poland really was and who the Poles really were. Anyone who wanted to “know how . history is interpreted by the heart of the Poles . must come here” where one heard “the echo of the life of the whole nation in the heart of its Mother and Queen” (Wojtyla, Karol (Pope John Paul II) in Weigel, 1999, p.309). ii Acknowledgments This study would have proved impossible without the help of a great multitude of individuals. Contributions from the international group of Dabrowski scholars comprised the bulk of valued assistance. Specific thanks go out to Andrew Kawczak, LL.M., Ph.D., Michael Piechowski, Ph.D., Thomas Nelson, Ph.D., Norbert Duda, Ph.D., William Hague, Ph.D., Marlene Rankel, Ph.D., Dexter Amend, Ph.D., Francis Lesniak, Th.D., Ps.D., and William Tillier, M.A. A Dabrowski family member granted the researcher permission to examine the writings and correspondence of Dabrowski housed in the National Archives of Canada. This unlocked a gold mine of information to the researcher. Special thanks to Ms. Elizabeth Mika, who gave so freely of her time to help with translation. Ms. Mika opened her home in Chicago to the researcher. Together, we spent an entire weekend translating pieces of Dabrowski’s works. This entire group, so eager to document and preserve Dabrowski’s history and his theory of positive disintegration, shared unselfishly in their willingness to aid the researcher in the construction of this study. Many insights, remembrances, and private recollections surfaced and were shared with the researcher, in the hope that Dabrowski’s message might remain alive in the minds of scholars. The opportunity to work with such outstanding individuals was a humbling experience for the researcher. Extensions of this group were found in the persons of Sylvia Sheridan, Ph.D., in Canada and Malgorzata Tatala, Ph.D., in Poland, who both contributed to the study. Dr. Tatala, professor at Catholic University of Lublin extended meals and accommodations to the researcher while she was in Lublin, Poland. Many Polish researchers availed themselves and their findings to the researcher. Robert Kuwalek, Ph.D., historian at Majdanek concentration camp; Janna iii Yiercrynski, Ph.D., historian at the Pawiak; W. P., Ph.D.,(initials known only), under the directorship of Jerzy Wroblewski, Ph.D., historian at Auschwitz, among others who wished to remain anonymous gave willingly of their time and expertise. Special thanks goes out to the archival staff at the Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington, D.C. Thanks also, to the staff at the National Archives of Canada in Ottawa, the Rockefeller Foundation and the Ford Foundation. Ronald Bachman, Ph.D., Polish expert at the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. helped greatly in directing the initial efforts of the researcher. Dr. Bachman referred the researcher to professor Adam Zych, Ph.D., in Poland and Henry Grynberg (poet and Auschwitz survivor) in northern Virginia. Both of these scholars graciously contributed to the study. Brunon Holyst, Ph.D., president of the Polish Society of Mental Health took the researcher to a lovely Polish dinner and granted her a lengthy interview in the course of her stay in Warsaw. Dr. Holyst also had research materials delivered to the hotel of the researcher. The researcher acknowledges the constant dedicated guidance of her advisor and committee chair, Marcie Boucouvalas, Ph.D. Without Marcie, this study would never have been. Her constant guidance, patience, encouragement, and direction, kept the researcher on her path. Most of all, Marcie enabled the researcher to believe in herself, bestowing on her the capability to fulfill her dream. Special thanks to G. Michael Cline, Ph.D., the research chair. The researcher was privileged to share in a tiny part of the depth of knowledge possessed by Dr. Cline. He was a continual inspiration and source of guidance. The researcher was most honored to have her committee members so knowledgeable and understanding of her vision. Clare Klunk, Ph.D., a friend and soul-mate, was always there for support as well as direction. Linda Morris, Ed.D., encouraged iv the researcher to initiate this study. She then provided constant encouragement and assistance. Karen Rosen, Ed.D., greatly helped the researcher to understand and appreciate the therapeutic significance of this study. The researcher acknowledges the family of James Moran, Ph.D., previous dean of the college of human development, who donated grant money for research to Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. The researcher was able to travel to Poland due to a grant furnished by this family. Last, but not least, the researcher especially thanks her husband, Paul Battaglia, DBA, for his patience and his support during this intense period. Tasks which would have remained insurmountable to the researcher became possible due to his constant assistance. The researcher leaves her dissertation process with a genuine appreciation for the willingness of scholars to share in the quest for learning. She also now realizes how many scholars are represented in a work of research. v Table of Contents Abstract i Dedication ii Acknowledgments iii Table of Contents vi List of Figures xi Chapter I 2 Introduction and Background of the problem 2 Overview 2 Purpose of the Study 4 Significance of the Study 5 Research Questions 8 Research Plan 9 Method 11 Pawel Cienin - pen name of K. Dabrowski 13 Limitations 14 Story of the Research Process 14 Chapter II - The Theory of Positive Disintegration 19 Philosophical Roots of the Theory 19 Why is this human development theory different? 22 vi Essential components of TPD 25 1. Overexcitability 26 2. Conflict 27 3. Multilevelness 29 4. Developmental Potential (and the third factor) 31 5. Valuation 32 Dabrowski’s Valuation Argument 33 6. The Inner Psychic Milieu 36 7. Personality Ideal 39 The Transpersonal 40 Levels within the Theory of Positive Disintegration 41 Level I 42 Level II 43 Level III 44 Level IV 45 Level V 47 One-sided Development 48 Empirical Testing of the Theory 49 Chapter II Conclusion 52 Chapter III - The Early Years 54 Childhood and Teenage Years 55 vii Medical studies 58 The Formation of an Institute of Mental Health in Poland 65 Zagorze 72 Chapter IV - The War Years 75 German Occupation - Hitler’s Regime 76 Operation AB 76 Marriage of Dabrowski to Eugenia 78 1942 Arrest 79 Attempts to Rebuild 83 Russian Occupation and Stalinism 88 1950 Arrest 88 “Rehabilitation” after the Stalin Regime 91 Chapter V - Canada 94 “Krasnoludki” 103 “Hail to You, Psychoneurotics” 107 Chapter VI - Personality-shaping 110 The Definition of Personality 111 “Humility” 117 The Developmental Instinct 124 Methods of Shaping Personality 128 The Role of the Adviser 130 viii Interpretation of Therapy in the light of TPD 135 Chapter Conclusion 137 Chapter VII - The “Woven Tapestry” 140 Question 1 140 1.