Lancaster-York Heritage Region Management Action Plan Prepared for the Lancaster-York Heritage Region Steering Committee June 2001 Lancaster-York Heritage Region Management Action Plan Prepared for the Lancaster-York Heritage Region Steering Committee June 2001 Table of Contents 1 Introduction 2 Significance of the Lancaster-York Region 4 Issues & Trends: Understanding the Context 7 Understanding the Resources 12 Vision, Goals & Strategies 15 Telling the Story: The Interpretive Framework 38 Tourism Benefits & Risks 40 Putting It All Together: The Action Plan 67 Implementation Strategy 71 Management, Phasing & Funding 79 Acknowledgments Introduction What is a Heritage Area? The Pennsylvania State Heritage Parks Program A heritage area is both a place In 1989 the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania created the and a concept. Physically, Heritage Parks Program to promote regional conservation and appreciation for the state’s heritage heritage areas are regions with resources, and to facilitate economic development, concentrations of important primarily through tourism. Administered by the Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, historic, cultural, natural, and there are currently nine state designated heritage regions, which annually receive technical assistance and recreational resources. These funding to carry out their projects and programs. are places known for their About the Plan unique culture and identity, as At the request of the York and Lancaster County Boards well as being good places to live of Commissioners, the York and Lancaster Planning Commissions took on this joint effort to prepare the and visit. As a concept, a management action plan. Assistance was provided through a matching grant from the Pennsylvania heritage area combines resource Heritage Parks Program, with financial support from the conservation and education with two counties, York Chamber of Commerce, and York and 1 Pennsylvania Dutch Convention and Visitors Bureaus. economic development, typically Through the development of this plan Lancaster and York Counties are seeking designation as a State in the form of tourism. In Heritage Area. Both counties pledged substantial staff support for this project. A team of professional partnership with landowners, planners, designers, historians and economists, led by local governments, and state Mary Means & Associates, was hired to develop the plan. The consulting team was guided by a steering and federal agencies, committee of community leaders who served as a sounding board throughout the plan’s preparation. communities across the country It should be noted that since completion of the have developed heritage areas feasibility study, the name of the proposed state with the goal of creating more heritage area has been changed from the Lower Susquehanna Heritage Area to the Lancaster-York livable and economically vital Heritage Region. The Susquehanna River remains an important linking and defining element. However, in regions. evaluating how the name would be used and perceived by the public over the long term, it was determined that the “Lancaster-York” name was more appropriate for the following reasons: an exceptionally strong brand identity that is already familiar to people from far away; avoids confusion with the Lower Susquehanna Heritage Greenway in Maryland; and, it is easy to spell (e.g., when searching for information on the internet). Significance of the Lancaster-York Region The Lancaster-York Heritage Region dramatically proximity to the Mason-Dixon Line helped to make this illustrates Pennsylvania’s long and distinguished role in region an active part of the national network known as the development of the United States, the practice of the Underground Railroad. Due to the clandestine long-held religious beliefs and cultural traditions, and nature of the Underground Railroad, it is not surprising the innovative spirit that has helped the U.S. retain its that there is little physical evidence of the region’s role, role as a world leader. yet personal accounts passed on through generations and continuing research reveal the important role of the The popular cultural identity of the region—and Lancaster-York region in this story. Lancaster particularly—is strongly associated with the Plain People, more commonly known as the Old Order Agricultural heritage is among the most distinct aspects Amish and Mennonite communities. The Amish of the Lancaster-York region. For centuries the region’s originally settled in Lancaster in the early 1700s after farmland has served as the breadbasket to the East, and fleeing religious persecution in Europe, mainly the intricate and colorful patchwork quilt of cropland is a Switzerland, Germany and the Netherlands. Today, defining physical characteristic of this region. The Lancaster is home to North America’s oldest and most region’s agricultural heritage is also the backbone of the densely populated Amish settlement, although it is no state’s economy. From subsistence farming by Native longer the largest settlement. They are now extinct in Americans, to traditional cultivation by members of the their European homeland. Their aversion to “modern Plain Sect, to modern food production techniques, there conveniences” and the ability to continue their are rich and varied stories about agriculture’s past, traditional ways in the face of tremendous external present and future. Lancaster is widely touted as the change and pressure has piqued national and “most productive non-irrigated farmland in the United 2 international interest. States.” York is distinguished by its many food processing and packaging plants that flourished after The Amish were not the only people to settle here. World War II and resulted in York being given the title of Indeed, the region is a striking example of Penn’s the U.S. snack food capital. Innovative local companies doctrine of religious freedom, upon which the colony was originally founded. Attracted by the prospect of a life without religious persecution, European immigrants—English, Irish, Germans, Scots—eagerly settled in the region, bringing with them an assortment of faiths including Catholicism, Judaism, and a medley of Protestant sects including Pietists, Mennonites, Moravians, Lutherans, Huguenots, Dunkers, and Schwenkfelders. Penn’s rejection of military conscription and successful peacemaking efforts further enhanced the appeal of the region to war-weary immigrants. By the time of the American Revolution Pennsylvania had grown to one of the largest colonies and since its settlement has been a highly cosmopolitan community. Some have called this region the first American melting pot. At one time the edge of the North American frontier, it was also a major outpost for those who would seek their fortune out west. The promise of freedom extended beyond religion to the African-American men and women fleeing slavery. The predominance of people who opposed slavery and its about the plan, which became a national model that was From subsistence farming, widely copied by communities across the United States. This tradition of design, production and innovation continues. Some examples of the goods currently to traditional cultivation, to produced in the region are: motorcycles, barbells, coffins, paper, pottery, tanks, furniture, wallpaper, violins, tapestries, dental prosthetics, hydraulic modern food production turbines, and cigars. Natural resources are also a significant part of the region’s heritage, and the Susquehanna River and techniques, there are rich adjacent lands are an outstanding local, regional and national natural and recreational resource. Wildflower glens, migratory bird resting sites, remnants of old- and varied stories about the growth forest, complex geological features, archaeological resources associated with pre-historic Native-American sites, and remnants of a once past, present and future of flourishing iron industry are some of the resources found along the river. Portions of this are nationally recognized for ecological diversity and scenic quality: a agriculture in the region. portion of the north branch of the Susquehanna River is 3 a designated American Heritage River; Kelley’s Run helped to diversify the agricultural industry well beyond Hiking Trail along a Susquehanna tributary is a National the county boundaries. For example, beginning in the Recreation Trail; Ferncliff National Natural Landmark late 1800s York International led the development and known for abundant wildflowers; and the Susquehanna manufacture of commercial ice making machinery that Piedmont Gorge (the portion of the Susquehanna River helped to make food transport over long distances that extends from Columbia to Fishing Creek) was possible. The diversity of the agricultural economy has deemed worthy of designation as a National Natural helped the region withstand economic downturns that Landmark. have devastated other communities, especially those The region’s unique combination of geography, built on “dirty industries” such as coal and steel. environment, and people created a place rich in The important role played by local manufacturers heritage. However, the aforementioned heritage extends well-beyond agri-business. For centuries the resources are just a glimpse of what can be found here. region has been a center for a large and highly diverse Clearly, the national and state significance of the collection of manufacturing businesses—local and Lancaster-York region is exceptional. Moreover, within international, small and