Module D Unit 3 Lesson 2 Genetic Engineering Scientists used a bioluminescent gene from a jellyfish to create “glowing” green mice! Genetic engineering terms to know! •GENETIC ENGINEERING •GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISM •BACTERIA •PLASMID •GENE THERAPY • terms to Know… •Selective Breeding involves choosing two organisms of the same species and mating them with the hope of getting the best qualities of each parent to show up in the offspring. •Genetic Engineering involves identifying certain genes and moving them from one organism to another – even to a different species or removing the gene entirely! •Both activities are controversial. •Understand that… •Genetic engineering is an ethical issue that needs to be regulated by the personal, cultural, and global conscience. •Actions… •Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of both processes. •Analyze scenarios and determine if the situation is an example of genetic engineering or selective breeding. Genetic Engineering: Details • Taking DNA from one organism and inserting it into another organism’s DNA sequence to ensure the organism will have a specific trait. •It produces an organism that has a new trait it would most likely not have developed on its own • ** HMH 160 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3IsQ92KiBwM Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering •Making changes in the DNA code of a living organism ATCGGACTAG ATGGCCAT GATAGACGA TAGCCTGATC TACCGGTA CTATCTGCTA ATCGGACTAG GCGGATA GATAGACGA TAGCCTGATC CGCCTAG CTATCTGCT Transgenic organisms contain genes from other organisms •Transgenic micro organism examples: insulin, growth hormone and clotting factors. Recombinant DNA Human Cell Bacterial Cell Bacterial cell for containing gene for human growth hormone Plasmid Transgenic organisms Animals: Plants: •Livestock with extra •genetically copies of growth hormone genes. modified organism They grow faster and (GMO) have meat that is • plants mixed less fatty. with pesticides, • chickens that are antibiotics and resistant to bacterial plastics infections. Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) • Inserting Foreign DNA into an organism. • Often referred to as a GMO • GMO’s have application in Agriculture, scientific research, medicine and other industries • Some GMO crops allow for us to reduce the use of pesticides ( they have been engineered to be resistant to pests) ** HMH page 166 Genetically Modified Foods: Modified Foods •40% of corn •50% of cotton •45% of soybeans •about 80 % of the processed food made in America contains GMOs (genetically modified organisms) Gene therapy Example A: Give the insulin • Diabetic = a person whose gene to diabetics. pancreas cannot create the important hormone insulin. 1. Take the gene for making insulin from a healthy donor’s DNA 2. Add that gene to the DNA of pancreas cells from a diabetic 3. Let mitosis happen for a while (in a “test tube”) so you get LOTS of pancreas cells with the good gene. 4. Surgically implant the good cells back into the diabetic ** HMH Page 165 Genetic Engineering Example B: Make chickens • Scientists engineered with no chickens to be featherless by REMOVING feathers. the gene in chicken DNA that causes them to grow feathers Genetic Engineering Example C: Cabbage plant + Scientists added a gene for producing scorpion scorpion venom = venom to cabbage plants to kill pesky caterpillars bug-proof veggies that eat crops! Genetic Engineering Example D: Give tomatoes •Placing the “anti-freeze the ability to gene” from a fish in make anti- tomatoes so the tomatoes freeze. can still grow in cold weather. Remember! Genetic engineering Gene: a segment of involves the DNA manipulation of genes! https://www.dnalc.org/view/15476-Mechanism-of-Recombination-3D- animation-with-with-basic-narration.html Genetic Engineering of insect- resistant corn #2 Use enzymes to cut desired gene loose #1 Identify desired gene #3 Remove undesired gene #4 Insert desired gene into corn Advantages of Genetic Engineering •Will get improved organisms •Can create organisms with traits not previously thought possible •Can remove “bad” genes •Reduces the chance of getting “undesirable” organisms Disadvantages of Genetic Engineering • Co$tly • Must be performed in a lab with special equipment • Ethical issues • Long term negative affects • Negative environmental impacts • Super-C apples (allergies!) • Superweeds! • Natural insecticides get into soil • Unknowns????? Genetic engineering has few limits - except our imagination, and our moral or ethical code. Gene therapy • A technique that uses genes to prevent disease • Gene therapy may be used to add helpful genes or remove hurtful genes • HMH 170- 172 Impacts of gene therapy • While the future of gene therapy looks promising, It faces many challenges •Gene therapy can disrupt the healthy function of cells and its long-term effects are uncertain •Gene therapy can be very costly and may not be widely available especially in developing countries Bio ethics •Ethics are a set of ideas that are right and wrong societies determine what is right and wrong. •Since Genetic Engineering directly effects living organisms it raises many ethical questions https://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/science_nation/spidersilk.jsp traits DNA genes proteins 2 4 1 3 .