cities & citizens series bridging the urban divide são paulo a tale of two cities Study cities & citizens series bridging the urban divide são paulo a tale of two cities Image: Roberto Rocco - [email protected] iv cities & citizens series - bridging the urban divide Copyright © United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT), 2010 São Paulo: A Tale of Two Cities All rights reserved UNITED NATIONS HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PROGRAMME P.O. Box 30030, GPO, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya Tel.: +254 (20) 762 3120, Fax: +254 (20) 762 4266/4267/4264/3477/4060 E-mail: [email protected] www.unhabitat.org DISCLAIMER The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries or regarding its economic system or degree of development. The analysis, conclusions and recommendations of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT), the Governing Council of UN-HABITAT or its Member States.Excerpts may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. HS Number: HS/103/10E ISBN Number:(Volume) 978-92-1-132214-9 ISBN Number(Series): 978-92-1-132029-9 This book was prepared under the overall guidance of the Director of MRD, Oyebanji Oyeyinka and the direct coordination of Eduardo Moreno, Head of City Monitoring Branch. The book primarily uses data prepared by the São Paulo-based, Fundação Sistema Estadual de Análise de Dados (SEADE) in collaboration with UN-HABITAT under the technical coordination of Gora Mboup, Chief of the Global Urban Observatory . In the SEADE team, thanks go to Felícia Reicher Madeira (Director), Maria Alice Bezerra Cutrim, Nádia Pinheiro Dini, Paulo de Martino Jannuzzi, and Sônia Nahas de Carvalho. Chapters and Special Features of this book were prepared by Christopher Horwood, Consultant of MRD. Other contributors are Luciana Benatti, Renato Cybalista, POLIS Institute, São Paulo and Sarah Feldman, University of São Paulo, Zoe Flood and Patricia Samora (USP). Editorial support by Darcy Varney Additional thanks and acknowledgements are due to the many academics, government officials, architects, ur- ban planners, independent analysts and journalists in São Paulo who offered their time, observations and advice for the development of this book. Some of those who met with and communicated with the author are quoted in different sections of the publication. Series concept design by Christopher Horwood. Book design and layout was by Eugene Papa and printed at UNON: Nairobi, Publishing Services Section, ISO 14001:2004 - certified. são paulo - a tale of two cities v Table of Contents Overview and Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................... xi Introduction: Understanding Urban Dynamics Inside Cities .............................................................................. xvii Chapter 1. The Dynamics of Division: .................................................................................................................1 Chapter 2: Urbanising São Paulo ......................................................................................................................13 Chapter 3. Division through Exclusion: ..............................................................................................................21 Chapter 4. A Tale of Two cities: ........................................................................................................................31 Chapter 5. The Potential of Policy to Bridge the Urban Divide ............................................................................87 Chapter 6. The Challenges Ahead ....................................................................................................................99 Endnotes ........................................................................................................................................................108 special feature 1 definitions and methodology UN-HABITAT internationally agreed-upon definition of slums ........................................................... 108 special feature 2 slums, favelas, cortiços and other definitions ....................................................................................................................110 special feature 3 cortiços: slumming it in the centre ...................................................................................................................................112 special feature 4 favelas: the solution of last resort .....................................................................................................................................114 special feature 5 housing deficit and empty buildings in são paulo .............................................................................................................116 special feature 6 CDHU: Company of Housing and Urban Development of the State of São Paulo .............................................................118 special feature 7 slum upgrading 1 — paraisópolis: inclusion through top-down urbanization ....................................................................120 special feature 8 evicting são paulo’s cortiços or just cleaning up the city? stark juxtapositions and the problem of luz ...............................122 special feature 9 slum upgrading 2 — guarapiranga and billings: when necessity drives urban priorities .....................................................124 special feature 10 not just a megacity: são paulo’s global city transformations? ............................................................................................126 special feature 11 the jardim edite case: squeezing out the poor ..................................................................................................................128 vi cities & citizens series - bridging the urban divide special feature 12 keeping the struggle alive: housing activists and substantive citizenship ...........................................................................130 special feature 13 the retrenchment of the rich: alphaville versus dystopia ....................................................................................................132 special feature 14 demonising the slums: stigmatisation as the last barrier? ..................................................................................................134 special feature 15 unified educational centres: constructing citizenship in the periphery? .............................................................................136 special feature 16 violence in são paulo: organised crime, corruption and the police ....................................................................................138 special feature 17 SEHAB and mapping são paulo’s housing needs ...............................................................................................................140 special feature 18 critical instruments for urban policy towards an inclusive city ...........................................................................................142 special feature 19 forced evictions in são paulo: housing rights and wrongs .................................................................................................144 vox paulistanos 1 new house, new life in villa nova jaguaré* .........................................................................................................................xix vox paulistanos 2 disconnected neighbourhoods: the modern malaise? ........................................................................................................10 vox paulistanos 3 hard work: the tangible benefits .......................................................................................................................................11 vox paulistanos 4 from tenament to self-help apartments: casarão celso garcia .............................................................................................26 vox paulistanos 5 the curse of unplanned growth: traffic and transport ........................................................................................................28 vox paulistanos 6 fighting inequalities: the struggle continues ......................................................................................................................82 vox paulistanos 7 surviving informality... just ..................................................................................................................................................84 vox paulistanos 8 frightened to leave home ..................................................................................................................................................96 vox paulistanos 9 beyond paraisópolis ...........................................................................................................................................................97 vox paulistanos 10 waiting for eviction: an uncertain future ..........................................................................................................................106 são paulo - a tale of two cities vii maps: map 1: Living areas according to income in the MSP: showing the