Journal of Tourismology Volume: 6 • Number: 2 • December 2020 e-ISSN: 2459-1939 • DOI: 10.26650/jot Journal of Tourismology is the official peer-reviewed, international journal of the Istanbul University Faculty of Economics Authors bear responsibility for the content of their published articles. Owner Istanbul University, Faculty of Economics EDITORIAL MANAGEMENT Editor-in-Chiefs Mehmet Erkan (Co-Editor, Prof., Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey) Fusun Istanbullu Dincer (Editor-in-Chief, Prof., Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey) Gurel Cetin (Managing Editor, Assoc. Prof., Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey) Production Editors Ibrahim Cifci (Res. Asst., Istanbul University, Department of Tourism Management, Turkey E-mail: [email protected]) Mehmet Altug Sahin (Res. Asst., Istanbul University, Department of Tourism Management, Turkey E-mail: [email protected]) Mert Ogretmenogku (Res. Asst., Istanbul University, Department of Tourism Management, Turkey E-mail: [email protected]) Methodology Editor Hossein Olya (Dr., Tourism Management, Faculty of Business, Oxford Brookes University, UK E-mail: [email protected]) English Language Editor Elizabeth Mary Earl, İstanbul University, School of Foreign Languages (English) E-mail: [email protected] Alan James Newson, İstanbul University, School of Foreign Languages (English) E-mail: [email protected] EDITORIAL BOARD Faizan Ali (Asst. Prof.), Florida State University, USA. Email: [email protected] Amir Shani (PhD), Ben-Gurion University of The Negev, Israel. Email: [email protected] Arta Antonovica (Profesor Contratado Doctor), Universitad Rey Juan Carlos, Spain. Email: [email protected] Ashish Dahiya (Prof.), GD Goenka University, India. Email: [email protected] Dimitri Iaonnides (Prof.), Meet Mid Sweden University, Sweden. Email: [email protected] Doğan Gursoy (Prof.), Washington State University, USA. Email: [email protected] Fatma Fusun Istanbullu Dincer (Prof.), Istanbul University, Turkey. Email: [email protected] Hamira Zamani-Farahani (Asst. Prof.), Islamic Azad University, Iran. Email: [email protected] Hossein Olya (Dr.), Tourism Management, Faculty of Business, Oxford Brookes University, UK. Email: [email protected] Ismail Kizilirmak (Prof.), Istanbul University, Turkey. Email: [email protected] Javier De Esteban Curiel, (Titular de Universidad), Universitad Rey Juan Carlos, Portugal. Email: [email protected] José Antonio C. Santos (Asst. Prof.), University of the Algarve, Portugal. Email: [email protected] Mehmet Erkan (Prof.), Istanbul University, Turkey. Email: [email protected] Mithat Dincer (Prof.), Istanbul University, Turkey. Email: [email protected] Orhan Akova (Prof.), Istanbul University, Turkey. Email: [email protected] Osman Demiroglu (Asst. Prof.), University of Istanbul Bilgi, Turkey. Email: [email protected] Sehnaz Demirkol (Asst. Prof.), Istanbul University, Turkey. Email: [email protected] Stanislav Ivanov (Prof.), Varna University, Bulgaria. Email: [email protected] Suleyman Beyoglu (Prof.), Marmara University, Turkey. Email: [email protected] *In alphabetical order by name Head Office İstanbul University Faculty of Economics Publication Type Periodical Language English Publishing Period Biannual (June & December) Indexed by Türkiye Turizm Dizini DOAJ SOBIAD ASOS Index (Social Sciences Index) ERIH PLUS RePEc IDEAS RePEc EconPapers Publisher Istanbul University Press Istanbul University Central Campus, 34116, Beyazit, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey Phone: +90 (212) 440 00 00 Correspondence Department of Tourism Management, The Faculty of Economics Department of Tourism Management, The Faculty of Economics Istanbul University, Beyazit, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey Call: +90 (212) 440-0000 / 11540 Fax: +90 (212) 520 82 86 Web: http://jt.istanbul.edu.tr/en/_ & www.dergipark.gov.tr/iuturizmoloji Email: [email protected] Table of Contents ARTICLES Research article Beyond Collapse: The Message of COVID–19 to the Sri Lankan Tourism Industry .............. 147 Sivanandamoorthy Sivesan Research article Factors Influencing Tourism Space Commodification in the Mahmoudabad County, Northern Iran............................................................................................................................ 155 Dickson Adom, Abdolreza Rahmani Fazli, Jilla Sajjadi, Saber Sedighi Research article Assessment of Luxury Trains in India: A Case Study of Maharajas’ Express.......................... 185 Jeet Dogra, Venkata Rohan Sharma Karri Research article New Developments in Promoting Tourism in Uzbekistan ...................................................... 201 Ian Robert Patterson, Hamid Tureav Research article Tourism Development and Air Pollution in Caribbean SIDs: A Bootstrap Panel Granger Causality Analysis ..................................................................................................................... 221 Olugbenga A. Onafowora, Oluwole Owoye Research article How Effective are the COVID-19 Fiscal-Support and Restarting-Tourism Policies Taken by the Top 3 European Destinations? ....................................................................................... 241 Jonathan Gomez Punzon, Ricardo Pastor Research article Determinants of Eatery Choice ................................................................................................ 249 Israel Ayenigbara, Andrew Fadoju Theoretical article Urban Development and Cosmetic Applications In Tourism: Proposals for Turkey ............. 269 Hüseyin Pamukçu, Gürkan Çalişkan Journal of Tourismology, 6(2), 147-153 DOI: 10.26650/jot.2020.6.2.0007 http://jt.istanbul.edu.en/ Submitted: 05.05.2020 Revision Requested: 17.05.2020 Journal of Tourismology Last Revision Received: 04.06.2020 Accepted: 10.06.2020 RESEARCH ARTICLE Published Online: 20.12.2020 Beyond Collapse: The Message of COVID–19 to the Sri Lankan Tourism Industry Sivanandamoorthy Sivesan1 Abstract The coronavirus (COVID – 19) is a grave and rapidly growing health concern, which not only affects Chinese economic growth but which also has a serious impact on the global economy. The tourism industry has made, and continues to make, a valuable contribution to Sri Lankan economic and socio cultural development. This research study describes how far Sri Lanka tourism industry has collapsed due to the COVID – 19? how can Sri Lanka possibly reshape of as a leading tourist destination in the world market? This study suggests two phases of different strategies to reshape the Sri Lankan tourism market. Phase 01 deals with short terms remedies to the current problem which has arisen due to the health crisis. SLTDA should begin to work with the Ministry of Health and Indigenous Medical Services in the following ways: Issuing certificates to hotels to ensure the health and safety management of the hotels’ staff, tourists and host community as well as security and hygiene arrangements at airports. Preparing detailed guidelines to establish quarantine hotels with employee safety and ensuring health safety of tourist guides and tourism related business. Phase 02 deals with with long–term strategies to rebuild the tourism industry in Sri Lanka. Keywords Tourism, Covid – 19, Socio cultural development, Economic, Contribution 1 Correspondence to: Sivanandamoorthy Sivesan (Dr.), University of Jaffna, Faculty of Management Studies and Commerce, Jaffna, Sri Lanka. E-mail: [email protected] ORCID: 0000-0001-8963-9895 To cite this article: Sivesan, S. (2020). Beyond Collapse: The Message of COVID–19 to the Sri Lankan Tourism Industry. Journal of Tourismology, 6(2), 147-153. https://doi.org/10.26650/jot.2020.6.2.0007 ©The Authors. Published by the İstanbul University under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited. JOURNAL of TOURISMOLOGY Introduction In the contemporary world, the term coronavirus has become a significant catchphrase since the diagnosis of the first COVID–19 patient in December 2019 in Wuhan, the capital of Hubei province in China. The COVID–19 pandemic continues to spread without any discrimination among countries with strong economies, emerging market countries, and developing countries, resulting in the continuous suffering of people all over the world. It is this to which we turn the focus of our attention in this paper . In addition, the World Health Organization (WHO), declared COVID–19 to be a global public health emergency on 28th of January . Indeed, it should be noted that COVID–19 not only has affected on the world economy but also which has created many sociocultural issues throughout the world. In the globalized world, we have to think of the impacts of this pandemic which go beyond the mortality rate. In different eras the world has faced various crises including terrorist attacks, civil wars, tsunamis, economic crises and and the Ebola virus. These crises have had divergent effects on the economic and social progress in the world. The impact of COVID–19, however, is not possible to compare with other global crises and their consequences. COVID–19 has given rise to many new challenges for socioecomomic development in the world (Hall, Scott & Gössling, 2020). Many countries around the globe have been locked down and all activities except for essential services have shut down. From a medical perspective, this was a necessary action