Cover I-IV new.pdf 15/11/10 09:29:47 52,79 mm 79,65 mm 81,30 mm 86,41 mm 88,32 mm 90,29 mm 90,29 mm 80,21 mm 81,78 mm 197,59 mm ISSN 0259-2517 199 FAO PLANT PRODUCTION AND PROTECTION PAPER 199 80,51 mm Rearing codling moth for 79,92 mm the sterile insect technique Cydia pomonella Rearing codling moth for The codling moth is amongst the most severe pests of pome fruit in the temperate regions of the world. Broad-spectrum insecticides have mainly been used to control this the sterile insect technique pest resulting in several negative environmental consequences. The demand for alternative control techniques is therefore increasing Rearing codling moth for the sterile insect technique worldwide, and includes synthetic growth regulators, mating disruption, attract and kill, microbiological control agents, and the sterile insect technique (SIT). The integration of sterile insects with these control practices within the context of area-wide integrated pest management offers great potential. However, efficient and 79,63 mm C effective mass-rearing of the target insect is a fundamental component of the SIT but its complexity for Lepidopteran pests is M very often underestimated. Y There has been an increasing interest to develop codling moth CM SIT for integration with other control tactics over the past years. MY This document compiles and summarizes available information on the rearing of the codling moth in relation to the SIT. Aspects such CY as colonization, adult and larval diet, sexing, quality control, CMY shipment, disease control, data recording and management are K described. It is not a text book but is developed so that individual sections can be consulted by the reader when necessary. The document therefore, does not provide guidelines per se, nor is it a compendium of standard operating procedures, as these will need to be developed for each rearing facility based upon local needs and availability of materials and ingredients. The document is an attempt to bring together all existing information on the rearing of codling moth. FAO / IAEA FAO ISBN 978-92-5-106548-8 ISSN 0259-2517 9 7 8 9 2 5 1 0 6 5 4 8 8 I1537E/1/5.10/800 IAEA 92,27 mm 92,27 mm 86,59 mm 84,57 mm 82,60 mm 82,78 mm 82,34 mm Cover photo: Photo of the codling moth on the front cover provided by Shane Farrell, Butterfly Conservation Cheshire & Peak District Branch. Image reproduced with permission. Copies of FAO publications can be requested from: SALES AND MARKETING GROUP Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Communication Division Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 00153 Rome, Italy E-mail: [email protected] Fax: (+39) 06 57053360 Web site: http://www.fao.org FAO PLANT PRODUCTION AND PROTECTION PAPER 199 Rearing codling moth for the sterile insect technique by V.A. Dyck FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2010 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) or of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO or IAEA in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. ISBN 978-92-5-106548-8 All rights reserved. FAO encourages reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Non-commercial uses will be authorized free of charge, upon request. Reproduction for resale or other commercial purposes, including educational purposes, may incur fees. Applications for permission to reproduce or disseminate FAO copyright materials, and all other queries concerning rights and licences, should be addressed by e-mail to [email protected] or to the Chief, Publishing Policy and Support Branch, Office of Knowledge Exchange, Research and Extension, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy. © FAO and IAEA 2010 Rearing Codling Moth for the Sterile Insect Technique V.A. Dyck 5HDULQJ&RGOLQJ0RWKLQGE iii Preface The codling moth Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is amongst the most severe pests of pome fruit in the temperate regions of the world. Control of this pest has relied mostly on the use of broad-spectrum insecticides with all their negative envi- ronmental consequences, but also increasing resistance to a growing list of insecticides. Worldwide, farmers have been demanding alternative control techniques which are not only efficient but also friendly to the environment. These additional control techniques include synthetic growth regulators, mating disruption, attract and kill, microbiological control agents, and the sterile insect technique. The integration of sterile insects with other control practices within the context of area-wide integrated pest management (AW-IPM) offers great potential, as has been demonstrated with great success in the past 15 years in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia, Canada. Efficient and effective mass-rearing of the target insect is a fundamental component of the sterile insect technique (Sterile Insect Technique). Mass-rearing knowledge is also needed for other control methods, such as the production of codling moth virus and other microbi- als, and will also be needed for other genetic control methods that are anticipated in the future. It is a very challenging activity, especially for Lepidopteran pests, and its complexity is very often underestimated. Many years of research and methods development are usually required before all elements of the rearing process have been sufficiently mastered to deliver an end product (the sterile male) that can successfully compete with wild males following sterilization and release. In the last years, in view of the above described problems, there has been an increasing interest by Member States to develop codling moth SIT for integration with other control tactics. The development of this document is a response to this increased interest, and it compiles and summarizes available information on the rearing of the codling moth, be it in the laboratory or on a larger scale. The information in this document deals with aspects such as colonization, adult and larval diet, sexing, quality control, shipment, disease control, data recording and management. It is not intended to be read from cover to cover, but the information is presented so that individual sections can be consulted by the reader when necessary. Hence, the document does not provide guidelines per se, nor is it a compendium of standard operating procedures, as these will need to be developed for each rearing facility based upon local needs and availability of materials and ingredients. The list of references in this document is exhaustive, and an attempt has been made to be complete. The document is unique as, for the first time, it brings together all existing information on the rearing of the codling moth. 5HDULQJ&RGOLQJ0RWKLQGE v Contents Preface iii Contents v 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Scope 1 1.2. Rationale 1 1.3. Background 1 2. History of Rearing the Codling Moth 5 2.1. Rearing and Mass-Rearing 5 2.2. Immature Apples 5 2.3. Diets that Stay Moist and Soft 7 2.4. Diets that Dry Out and Harden 7 3. Colonization from Field-Collected Material 9 3.1. Collecting Larvae in Diapause 9 3.2. Collecting Larvae in Spring 9 3.3. Collecting Adults 9 3.4. Preventing Introduction of Virus 10 3.5. Using an Established Colony 10 3.6. Number of Insects Required 11 3.7. Introduction of Wild Genotypes 11 3.8. Back-up Strain/Colony 12 4. Diet Ingredients 13 4.1. Artificial Diets for Insects 13 4.2. Diets for Lepidoptera 13 4.3. Diets for Codling Moth 14 4.4. Diets that Stay Moist and Soft 23 4.5. Diets that Dry Out and Harden 28 4.6. Obtaining Diet Ingredients 29 4.7. Locally Obtained Ingredients 30 4.8. Storing Diet Ingredients 30 4.9. Diet Yield 33 4.10. Cost of Diet 33 4.11. Cost of Production 33 4.12. Marking Using a Dye in the Diet 34 5HDULQJ&RGOLQJ0RWKLQGE vi 5. Nutritional Aspects of Diets 37 5.1. Proteins 37 5.2. Carbohydrates 38 5.3. Lipids 38 5.4. Vitamins 41 5.5. Minerals 45 5.6. Others 49 6. Diet Preparation 51 6.1. Introduction 51 6.2. Diets for Lepidoptera 56 6.3. Diets that Stay Moist and Soft 56 6.4. Diets that Dry Out and Harden 56 6.5. Equipment for Preparing Diets 56 7. Disposing of Spent Diet and Liquid Wastes 59 7.1. Environmental Concerns 59 7.2. Temperature Treatment 59 7.3. Grinding 60 7.4. Landfill 60 7.5. Liquid Wastes 61 8. Seeding the Diet with Eggs or Larvae 63 8.1. Eggs 63 8.1.1. Eggs on Waxed Paper Sheets 63 8.1.2. Eggs in a Slurry 64 8.2. Larvae 65 9. Rearing, Sexing and Collecting Larvae 67 9.1. Environmental Conditions 67 9.2. Mortality 68 9.3. Sexing Male and Female Larvae 68 9.4. Collecting Larvae 68 10. Rearing, Sexing and Collecting Pupae 71 10.1. Environmental Conditions 71 10.2. Mortality 71 10.3. Sexing Male and Female Pupae 71 10.4. Collecting Pupae 73 11. Collecting, Holding, Marking and Sexing Adults 75 11.1. Collecting Emerged Moths 75 11.2. Holding Adults in the Cold 77 11.3.