The University of Sheffield Transnational Higher Education in Selected Private Colleges in Oman: Academic Staff Perceptions and Experiences Salim Khamis Al abry A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Sheffield Faculty of Educational Studies School of Education July 2018 ABSTRACT The primary aim of this study was to develop an in-depth understanding of Transnational Higher Education (TNE) in Oman by investigating the implementation of TNE programmes hosted by two Omani private colleges. TNE in private Higher Education (HE) is the outcome of government policy requiring all private Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) to establish collaborative partnerships with credible international universities; the latter being responsible for awarding the degrees. With the private HE sector in Oman currently accommodating about 50 percent of the new students entering the national HE system, it was important to examine issues around the nature of institutional partnerships; curriculum development; academic impact (teaching and learning, and quality of education) as well as problems or challenges faced in the delivery of TNE programmes by private local HE colleges. By recognising the dearth of research in this area, this qualitative study focused on the perceptions and experiences of academic staff regarding TNE in Oman. It also examined the policy drivers for TNE in Oman and its implications at the national and institutional levels, in order to understand the political and economic context in which these institutions were operating in. Data were generated primarily through the use of semi-structured interviews carried out with 27 academic staff from two selected private colleges. The data were analysed using inductive thematic analysis which enabled the identification of various key themes from the data. The study confirmed that the provision of TNE by private colleges is driven by government policy which seeks to accelerate the building of national capacity through the provision of good quality HE. The academic staff were generally satisfied with the provision of TNE programmes, however, the study highlighted that the implementation of TNE programmes was affected by a number of factors including, financial constraints; socio-cultural challenges; and ineffective communication among key stakeholders. The thesis further investigated participants‟ views regarding the ways in which the implementation of the existing TNE programmes could be improved. Participants identified that enhancing the role of the local colleges in the development of a quality culture and rethinking of the role of the foreign partner Universities and the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) in the development of TNE programmes were key areas for policy and academic action. i TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. i TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................................ii LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF APPENDICES ................................................................................................................. x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................................... xi DEDICATION ............................................................................................................................ xii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................... xiii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION OF STUDY .............................................................................. 1 1.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1 1.2. Background of the Study ............................................................................................... 2 1.3. Research Problem ......................................................................................................... 5 1.4. Research Aim and Objectives ........................................................................................ 5 1.5. Research Questions ...................................................................................................... 6 1.6. Justification of Study ..................................................................................................... 7 1.7. Research Design and Method ....................................................................................... 8 1.8. Significance of the Study ............................................................................................... 9 1.9. Positionality................................................................................................................. 11 1.9.1. My Professional Experience ................................................................................. 11 1.9.2. My Ontological and Epistemological Assumptions .............................................. 12 1.10. Ethical Considerations ............................................................................................... 13 1. 11. Contribution to Knowledge ...................................................................................... 13 1.13. Structure and Organisation of the Thesis ................................................................. 14 1.14. Chapter Conclusion ................................................................................................... 16 CHAPTER TWO:CONTEXT OF THE STUDY ............................................................................... 17 2.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 17 2.2. The Sultanate of Oman ............................................................................................... 17 2.3. Overview of the Education System ............................................................................. 18 2.4. Developments in Higher Education ............................................................................ 21 2.5. Development of Private Higher Education in Oman ................................................... 23 2.6. Types of Academic Partnerships ................................................................................. 26 ii 2.7. Modes of TNE Delivery in Omani Private HEIs ............................................................ 29 2.8. TNE Programmes Offered in Private HEIs ................................................................... 31 2.9. Admission Policy in Private HEIs ................................................................................. 32 2.10. Student Enrolment in Private HEIs ............................................................................ 34 2.11. Academic Staff in Private HEIs .................................................................................. 36 2.12. Quality Assurance of TNE .......................................................................................... 38 2.13. Chapter Conclusion ................................................................................................... 40 CHAPTER THREE: LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................. 42 3.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 42 3.2. Internationalisation of Higher Education .................................................................... 43 3. 3. Rationales for Internationalisation of HE ................................................................... 46 3. 4. WTO/GATS and International HE Activities Cross Border .......................................... 47 3. 5. Transnational Education: An Overview ...................................................................... 48 3.6. Drivers of TNE ............................................................................................................. 49 3. 7. Modes of TNE and Forms of Programme Mobility .................................................... 51 3. 8. Demand for Transnational Education ........................................................................ 54 3. 9. The Key Benefits of TNE ............................................................................................. 57 3. 10. Main Critiques and Challenges of TNE ..................................................................... 59 3. 12. Experiences of Academic Staff in TNE ...................................................................... 69 3. 13. Conceptual Framework ............................................................................................ 72 3. 14. Chapter Conclusion .................................................................................................. 76 CHAPTER FOUR: 77RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS ........................................................ 77 4.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 77 4.2. Methodology and Research