Letter of confraternity addressed to Thomas Bate and his children and dated at Norwich in 1433. A translation is given in Appendix 3 of this report. NRO Phi 567, 578X8; reproduced courtesy of Norfolk Record Office; photograph by Jason Dawson Norwich Greyfriars: pre-Conquest town and medieval friary by Phillip A. Emery with a major contribution by Elizabeth Rutledge and contributions from Martin Allen, Marion M. Archibald, Steven Ashley, Alex Bayliss, Mark Blackburn, Francesca Boghi, David G. Buckley, Paul Cattermole, Jane Cowgill, G. M. Cruise, John A. Davies, Roger Doonan, Paul C. Ensom, Geoff Egan, I.C. Freestone, Val Fryer, Helen Geake, Zena Green, Richenda Goffin, Alison Goodall, Catherine Hassall, Helen Howard, Julia Huddle, Richard Kemp, David King, Irena Lentowicz, Paul Linford, Alice Lyons, Richard Macphail, J. M. Mills, Marta Moreno-García, Peter Murphy, Rebecca A. Nicholson, Mark Noel, Sarah Percival, Ian Riddler, Mark Samuel, John Shepherd, Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu and C.P. Stapleton illustrations by Steven Ashley, David Dobson and Trevor Ashwin photographs by Jason Dawson, Phillip A. Emery, Helen Howard, Sarah Reilly and David Wicks East Anglian Archaeology Report No. 120, 2007 Norfolk Historic Environment Norfolk Museums and Archaeology Service EAST ANGLIAN ARCHAEOLOGY REPORT NO. 120 Published by: Norfolk Historic Environment Norfolk Museums and Archaeology Service Union House Gressenhall Dereham Norfolk NR20 4DR in conjunction with: ALGAO East www.algao.org.uk/cttees/regions/ Editor: Brian Ayers Managing Editor: Jenny Glazebrook Editorial Sub-committee: Brian Ayers, County Archaeologist, Norfolk Museums and Archaeology Service Owen Bedwin, Head of Historic Environment, Essex County Council Adrian Tindall, County Archaeologist, Cambridgeshire County Council Keith Wade, Archaeological Service Manager, Suffolk County Council Peter Wade-Martins, Director, Norfolk Archaeological Trust Typeset by Trevor Ashwin using Corel VenturaÔ Printed by [ to be confirmed ] © NORFOLK HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT NORFOLK MUSEUMS AND ARCHAEOLOGY SERVICE ISBN [to be allocated ] This volume was published with the aid of funding from [??] For details of East Anglian Archaeology, see last page East Anglian Archaeology was established in 1975 by the Scole Committee for Archaeology in East Anglia. The scope of the series expanded to include all six eastern counties and responsibility for publication was transferred in 2002 to the Association of Local Government Archaeological Officers, East of England (ALGAO East). Cover illustration: [to be confirmed] Contents List of Plates Antiquarian observations and List of Figures documentary historiography, by List of Tables Elizabeth Rutledge Contributors Previous archaeological work Acknowledgements II. Documentary evidence, by Abbreviations Elizabeth Rutledge Summary/Résumé/Zusammenfassung History of the Norwich Greyfriars Relations with the community Chapter 1. Introduction Development of the precinct Friary buildings I. Project background III. Archaeological evidence II. Excavations 1990–5 Early Friary (1226–c. 1290s) III. Methodologies Period 3.1: Friary enlargement and Excavation, post-excavation and development (c. 1290s–1400) publication Period 3.2: alterations to the Friary Specialist analyses and catalogue (1400–1538) Documentary research, by Elizabeth Friary cemetery (Site 373N) Rutledge Water management system (Periods 3.1 IV. The site and 3.2) Location IV. Discussion: the Franciscan Friary Natural relief and surface geology Introduction Previous archaeological observations Original Friary precinct Friary expansion Chapter 2. Pre-Friary Development The excavated Friary (Late Saxon to c. 1290s) Life in the Friary, by Elizabeth Shepherd I. Archaeological and historical Popescu with Phillip A. Emery background, by Elizabeth Shepherd Conclusion Popescu and Phillip A. Emery II. Documentary evidence, by Elizabeth Chapter 4. The Dissolution and Afterwards Rutledge (c. 1538–20th century) Early history of the site I. Archaeological and historical Pre-Friary land-use background III. Archaeological evidence II. Documentary evidence, by Elizabeth Period 1: Late Saxon to Early Norman Rutledge (10th–11th centuries) Dissolution and demolition (c. 1538–66) Period 2.1: Norman/early medieval (12th Development from c. 1567 to 1850 century) Development and use of the site Period 2.2: pre-Friary (12th–13th post-1850 centuries) III. Archaeological evidence Period 2.3: pre-Friary (13th century) Period 4.1: the Dissolution — IV. Discussion: pre-Friary development, by demolition of Friary buildings and Phillip A. Emery and Elizabeth salvage of materials (1538–c.1566) Shepherd Popescu Period 4.2 (c. 1567–1800) Prehistoric and Roman Period 5 (19th and 20th centuries) Early Saxon IV. Discussion: the Dissolution and Middle Saxon Conesford? afterwards, by Phillip A. Emery with Street pattern Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu Anglo-Scandinavian and Viking The Dissolution influence Post-Dissolution Plots and boundaries Conclusion Buildings and dating Quarries and marginalization Churches Chapter 5. The Finds Craft, industry, economy and trade I. Buildings Daily life Structural stonework, by Mark Samuel Conclusion Sculptural fragment, by Mark Samuel Coffins, by Mark Samuel and Steven Chapter 3. The Franciscan Friary (1226–1538) Ashley Ceramic building material, by Julia I. Archaeological and historical Huddle with Richard Kemp background v Structural metalwork, by Val Fryer and VII. Diversions Geoff Egan Musical instruments, by Val Fryer and Window glass and came, by David King Ian Riddler Water pipes, by Geoff Egan and Games and pastimes, by Julia Huddle Richenda Goffin Toys, by Julia Huddle II. Occupations, industry and crafts Ferrous metalworking, by Jane Cowgill Chapter 6. Zooarchaeological and Botanical and J.M. Mills Non-ferrous metalworking, by Alex Evidence Bayliss, Paul Cattermole, Roger C.P. I. Human bone, by Francesca Boghi Doonan, Phillip A. Emery, Richenda II. Mammal bone, by Marta Moreno-García Goffin, Paul Linford and Mark Noel Introduction Pin-making, by Julia Huddle The species Leadworking, by Geoff Egan Skeletal proportions Miscellaneous tools, by Val Fryer Ageing Antlerworking, by Julia Huddle, with Metrical data species identification by Ian Riddler Other species present Boneworking, by Julia Huddle and Ian Conclusions Riddler III. Avian and fish bone, by Rebecca A. Textile-working, by Geoff Egan, Val Nicholson Fryer, Julia Huddle, Alice Lyons, Ian Introduction Riddler and Elizabeth Rutledge Selection of contexts for study Woodworking, by Val Fryer Bird bones Painting, by Helen Howard and David Fish bones Park Conclusions Book fittings and writing implements, Documentary evidence for exploitation by Steven Ashley, Geoff Egan and Julia of fish and fowl, by Elizabeth Rutledge Huddle with Alison Goodall IV. Mollusca Millstones and quernstones, by David Mollusca (site wide), by Zena Green Buckley Mollusca from samples, by Val Fryer Commercial activity (numismatic items V. Plant macrofossils, by Val Fryer and and weights), by Martin Allen, Marion Peter Murphy Archibald, Mark Blackburn, John A. Introduction and methods Davies, Geoff Egan and Julia Huddle Charred plant material III. Furnishings and household equipment Mineral-replaced/waterlogged plant Furniture fittings, by Val Fryer and Julia material Huddle with Ian Riddler VI. Other animal macrofossils, by Val Fryer Lighting, by Richenda Goffin, Julia VII. Other material, by Val Fryer Huddle, J.M. Mills and John Shepherd VIII. Micromorphological analysis, by R.I. Vessels, by I.C. Freestone, Val Fryer, Macphail and G.M. Cruise Julia Huddle, J.M. Mills, John Shepherd and C.P. Stapleton Chapter 7. Conclusions Pottery, by Richenda Goffin, Alice Lyons, Irena Lentowicz and Sarah Percival Appendix 1: Franciscans at Norwich Vessel repair plugs (lead), by Geoff Egan Appendix 2: Requests for burial at, and legacies Implements, by Val Fryer, Julia Huddle, concerning, the Norwich Greyfriars (1370 to the J.M. Mills and Ian Riddler Dissolution) Miscellaneous household items, by Julia Huddle Appendix 3: Records of Norwich Franciscan Friary IV. Dress and personal possessions Dress Accessories, by Julia Huddle and Appendix 4: Payments made by the city for work on the Helen Geake Greyfriars site (NRO NCR 18a Chamb. acc. 1551–67) V. Horse equipment Harness fittings, by Steven Ashley and Appendix 5: Medieval paint palettes Julia Huddle Spurs, by Val Fryer and Julia Huddle Appendix 6: Percentage number of anatomical elements Horseshoes, by Val Fryer of cattle and ‘lar’ bones expressed as a percentage of the VI. Weapons, armour and hunting total number of bones per period equipment Arrowheads, by Val Fryer Appendix 7: Percentage number of anatomical elements Spearheads, by Val Fryer of sheep/goat and ‘sma’ bones expressed as a percentage Chape, by Julia Huddle of the total number of bones per period Shot (lead), by Geoff Egan vi Appendix 8: Percentage number of anatomical elements Appendix 11: Comparison of the measurement of the of pig bones expressed as a percentage of the total number distal huneral and tibial breadth on sheep/goat bones from of bones per period Greyfriars to other sites Appendix 9: Comparison of withers heights estimates for Appendix 12: Macrobotanical and other material from the Greyfriars cattle with those from other Saxo-Norman SFB 50242 (Period 1) and Medieval sites in Britain Appendix 13: Macrobotanical and other material from Appendix 10: Comparison of withers heights estimates bell-founding pit 12257 (Period 3.2) for the Greyfriars sheep/goat with those