Psychiatry and Responsibility l"'he William Volker Fund Series In the Humane Studies EPISTEMOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF ECONOMICS by Ludwig von Mises THE ECONOMIC POINT OF VIEW by Israel M. Kirzner ESSAYS IN EUROPEAN ECONOMIC THOUGHT Edited by Louise Sommer SCIENTISM AND VALUES Edited by Helmut Schoeck and James W. Wiggins A SOCIALIST EMPIRE: THE INCAS OF PERU by Louis Baudin RELATIVISM AND THE STUDY OF MAN Edited by Helmut Schoeck and James W. Wiggins FREEDOM AND THE LAW by Bruno Leoni MAN, ECONOMY, AND STATE-2 vols. by Murray N. Rothbard THE ULTIMATE FOUNDATION OF ECONOMIC SCIENCE by Ludwig von Mises PSYCHIATRY AND RESPONSIBILITY Edited by Helmut Schoeck and James W. Wiggins THE FREE AND PROSPEROUS COMMONWEALTH by Ludwig von Mises SCIENCE AND HISTORY: A CRITIQUE OF POSITIVIST EPISTEMOLOGY by Heinrich Rickert Psychiatry and Responsibility Edited by HELMUT SCHOECK AND JAMES W. WIGGINS Papers by THOMAS S. SZASZ GEORGE P. GRANT D. ELTON TRUEBLOOD HENRY S. KARIEL O. HOBART MOWRER ALAN KEITH-LuCAS RICHARD T. LAPIERE DAVID McCORD WRIGHT HERVEY M. CLECKLEY DAVID SPRING JAMES W. WIGGINS D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY, INC. PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY TORONTO LONDON NEW YORK D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY, INC. 120 Alexander St., Princeton, New Jersey (Principal office) 24 West 40 Street, New York 18, New York D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY, LTD. 358, Kensington High Street, London, W.14, England D. VAN NOSTRAND COl\IPANY (Canada), LTD. 25 Hollinget Road, Toronto 16, Canada Copyright, © 1962 by WILLIAM VOLKER FUND Published simultaneously in Canada by D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY (Canada), LTD. No reproduction in any form of this book, in whole or in part (except for b,'ief quotation in critical articles or reviews), may be made without written authorization from the publishers. PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Contributors HERVEyM. CLECKLEY, M.D., is Clinical Professor of Psychiatry in the Medical School of the University of Georgia. Dr. Cleckley, who also holds a degree from Oxford University (Rhodes Scholar), after several years of psychiatric practice in the Veterans Administration, became a Professor of Psychiatry and Neurology at the University of Georgia. He is a Diplomate of the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology, a Fellow of both the American Psychiatric Association and the American College of Physicians, and, a member of the editorial board of the Journal of Clinical and Experimental Psychopathology. Among his publications are The Mask of Sanity: An A ltempt to Clarify Some Issues about the So-called Psychopathic Personality (1955); The Caricature of Love: A Discussion of Social) Psychiatric and Literary Manifes­ tations of Pathologic Sexuality (1957). Together with Dr. Thigpen, he wrote The Three Faces of Eve (1957). GEORGE P. GRANT, formerly Professor and Head of the Depart­ ment of Philosophy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Can­ ada (1947-1960), has been Associate Professor of Religion at McMaster University since 1961. He has served for several years as secretary to the adult education movement in Canada. His chief interests are the study of Greek philosophy and Biblical religion. He was a Rhodes Scholar in 1939. Among his publications are Philosophy in the v VI Contributors Mass Age (1959) and numerous articles in Canadian jour­ nals on religious and and political philosophy. HENRY S. KARIEL, by training and vocation a political scientist, taught at the University of California (Berkeley) and Harvard before joining the Division of Social Sciences at Bennington College in Vermont. He is author oJ The Decline of A merican Pluralism (1961) and numerous articles in professional journals. A study of his on con­ temporary political philosophy is scheduled for publica­ tion in 1962. ALAN KEITH-LuCAS is Alumni Professor of Social Work and Director of the Group Child Care Project at the Univer­ sity of North Carolina. He has degrees in English, social work, and political science. He has contributed numerous articles to professional journals. His best-known book is Decisions about People in Need. RICHARD T. LAPIERE is Professor of Sociology at Stanford Uni­ versity. As editor of the McGraw.. Hill Series in Sociology and Anthropology, Dr. LaPiere has guided into print some thirty books for other authors. Among his own books are A Theory of Social Control) Collective Behavior) and The Freudian Ethic (1959). He co-authored a text on Social Psychology and has written novels based on socio­ logical research. o. HOBART MOWRER, Research Professor of Psychology, Univer­ sity of Illinois, was President of the American Psychologi­ cal Association in 1954. Currently he is a consultant at the Galesburg (Illinois) State Research Hospital and Di­ rector of the Lilly Endowment Fellowship Program at the University of Illinois. He has written numerous tech­ nical articles and monographs on the psychology of learn­ ing, language, personality theory, and psychotherapy. His Contributors vii most recent books are Learning Theory and Behavior (1960), Learning Theory and the Symbolic Processes (1960), and The Crisis in Psychiatry .and Religion (1961). HELMUT SCHOECK is Associate Professor of Sociology at Emory B!2.!.~jn University. AustriaJ, he studied at the Universi­ ~ies of Munich and Tiibingen in West Germany. After, (~ur ye~~SOfconcurrenttrainingin medkine andexperi. J L;~:~ ..~~~:~~~~~~~:~~~ ..~;I;;;~~::~ ..~~;;~:;~~ Dr. Schoeck came to America following World War II. During 1953.-54 he was a Visiting Research Fellow in Sociology at Yale. In addition to numerous essays and research papers in professional journals, Dr. Schoeck has written, translated, or contributed to some sixteen books, including Financing Medical Care (1962), Was heisst politisch unmoeglich? (1959), U.S.A.: Motive und Strukturen (1958), and Nie­ tzsches Philosophie des Menschlich-Allzumenschlichen (1948). DAVID SPRING is Associate Professor of History at Johns Hopkins University. Dr. Spring, who had his training as a historian in Canada and at Harvard, specializes in modern English history. Among his many articles in professional journals are: "History and Sociology: A Plea for Humility," "Eng­ lish Landownership in the Nineteenth Century," and "The English Landed Estate in the Age of Coal and Iron." THOMAS S. SZASZ, M.D., is a professor in the Department of Psychiatry at the State University of New York, Upstate Medical Center, in Syracuse. He took his psychoanalytic r training at the Chicago Institute for Psychoanalysis and lfor the next five years was a member of its staff, Dr. Szasz has published frequently in leading medical, psychiatric, psychological, and psychoanalytic journals. He is the viii Contributors author of Pain and Pleasure (1957) and The Myth of Mental Illness (1961). He has also been a contributor to several books, including Dynamic Psychiatry (1952), Twenty Years of Psychoanalysis (1953), American Hand­ book of Psychiatry (1959), and Legal and Criminal Psychology (1961). He is a member of the editorial board of The Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases) a mem­ ber of the board of consultants of Psychoanalysis and the Psychoanalytic Review) and a consultant to the Committee on Mental Hygiene of the New York State Bar Association. DAVID ELTON TRUEBLOOD is Professor of Philosophy at Earlham College. He has written and published nineteen books. Selected titles include Philosophy of Religion) The Pre­ dicament of Modern Man) The Recovery of Family Life) and The Life We Prize. In 1954-55, Dr. Trueblood served as Chief, Religious Information, United States Informa­ tion Agency. JAMES W. WIGGINS is Professor of Sociology and former Chair­ man of the Department of Sociology and Anthropology at Emory University, where he developed the doctoral program in sociology. He received his B.S. from Georgia Southern College in 1934, an M.A. from Duke University in 1943, and his Ph.D. from Duke in 1956. Professor Wiggins served as chairman of symposia on "Culture Contact in Underdeveloped Countries," "Scien­ tism and the Study of Man," and "Relativism and the Study of Man." He is director of the national study A Profile of the Aging: U.S.A.} to be published in 1962. Dr. Wiggins seIVed as co-editor of Foreign Aid Re­ examined and has had articles published in many scholarly journals. He has served as research and professional con­ sultant to various national and regional organizations. DAVID MCCORD WRIGHT is William Dow Professor of Economic and Political Science at McGill University. Dr. Wright is Contributors ix a member of the Royal Economic Society and a former president of the Southern Economic Association. His books include A Key to Modern Economics) Democracy and Progress) the Economics of Disturbance) and The Crea­ tion of Purchasing Pow-er. His newest book, The Key­ nesian System~ has been published by the Fordham University Press in 1962. Preface The authors who joined the discussions from which this volume resulted were invited on the basis of their earlier work, which had shown an awareness of the consequences of modern pl$ychiatry for the character, values, and future form of our society. ., 12~plid~ in a free society is the idea of personal resE(:msibi!ity 1 1on the part of its members. Exceptions, of course, have to be J made for chIldren, for the physically handicapped, the mentally. ~eficient, and the insane. In--K~n~o~~ve~e ~~!!~ctuaIJ ¢li!nate should. encourage a maximum. of self.reliance. ~nd indi- , vi(i"~"ir-re~P?~~-FOiili7>se who-seem' t;~p~~f~~;~;'''''';ociety in w IC " ;. "'~ily' every act that is not compulsory is fo~n, ol:iFprobiem understandably does not_~,!st. -In recent decades the values supporting individual respotlsi- \ bilIty~"have become somewhat su~merged. Several authors have ) ooten a drIft toward an ethIC of overdepenaenc_~, .and certanl aspects of cont~~p~~~rIME~y~hiatr.1 have apparently provided a rationale--if not 'an"'i'~petus~for the drift. -- '\' ·-t·~OTtliea~~~~!yj~.. our r~ 2%~i~~:' \ .... ~,~p,::.!<~.~~!.r".~,~~,,~~g:.,~.!b:~,w.~.~,~g.~E:.,,12~ul'). tiQn~.ou p.