FAIR FRANCHISE THE 2017 GENERAL ELECTION Volatile voting, random results JESS GARLAND & CHRIS TERRY AUGUST 2017 CONTENTS Introduction 5 1. The third strike for First Past the Post 9 2. No return to two-party politics 15 3. Divisive system, divided country 19 4. Alternatives 29 Conclusion 35 Appendix 36 ELECTORAL REFORM SOCIETY 3 INTRODUCTION The 2017 General Election was the third strike for the First Past the Post voting system. From producing a hung Parliament in 2010 – something not meant to happen under Westminster’s winner-takes-all voting system – to a slim majority in 2015, the way we elect our House of Commons isn’t doing the one thing it was claimed to be good for – delivering decisive results. This June’s election outcome throws up yet more questions about the legitimacy of our voting system. Our report shows how far from being ‘strong and stable’, First Past the Post is failing to deliver for the public. With one in five voters trying to second-guess each other by opting for ‘lesser evils’, we are left with a lottery election where casting a ballot is like casting a die. Not only have the last three elections either produced hung par- liaments or results so unrepresentative they demean the electoral process (2015 was the most disproportionate in British history), the last two have seen the highest ‘voter volatility’ since 1931. Our voting system is failing to keep up and is undermining the faith voters have that seats in Parliament will reflect the votes they cast. This lottery approach to running elections means we have no idea what will happen or how votes will be reflected in our elected Commons. In the nations of the UK there’s much to reflect on. As in 2015, the first-placed party was different in every nation. For both the Conservatives and Labour in Scotland, their revivals are still not being reflected properly in seats. And these revivals follow difficult years, where both parties were kept alive by proportional voting systems at Holyrood and for Scottish local elections. In Wales, Labour continue to be over-represented to the detriment of other parties, from the Conservatives to the Liberal Democrats. And in Northern Ireland, voters familiar with being able to vote for a wide ELECTORAL REFORM SOCIETY 5 range of parties ended up forced into two party camps. Produced with the generous support of Jonny Wineberg, Roy Pomfret, Alison This report gives pause for thought for all sides of politics. For Williams, Chris Game, Graham Sowter, Geoffrey Mead, David Lambourn, Peter the Conservatives there is the dubious distinction of having put on Richell, Allan Mackenzie, John Beveridge, Samantha Davies, David Beach, John substantially more votes but actually losing seat share and with it Headon, Edrich Adigun-Harris, Glyn Davies, Tim Baynes, David Nolan, Mike Williams, Stephen Flynn, Raymond Adams, Maggy Daniell, David Bailey, Rowland Carson, their majority in the House of Commons. Indeed, the Conservatives Alexander Lowe, Eddy Bryan, Andrew Patrick, Joanna Huckvale, Peter Watsham, have not been delivered a strong majority under FPTP for thirty Barbara Saville, Yusef Alabbadi, Miki Jablkowska, John Gwyther, Jeremy Broadribb, years. One has to look back to the 1987 General Election for such a Nigel Fordham, Kate Allen, Laura Watts, James Russell, John Saunders, Geoffrey Bennetts, Stephan Judge, Pat Fletcher, Sydney Norris, Samuel Priestman, Alan majority, despite strong vote shares in 1992 and this year. Hedges, David Moon, Thomas Harker, Robin Shawyer, Jeffrey Demuth, Peter For Labour, it is the brutal reality that so many of their votes did Prime, Howard Linsley, Catherine Lack, Paul Skinner, John Simon Hopper, Mark not contribute in any way to the size of the Parliamentary Labour Cummins, Barry Hopewell, Judith Brown, Marc Charlier, Martyn Baldwin, Phillida Shipp, Gill Solnick, Bill Suett, Norman Ridley, Alan Underwood, Michael Gardner, Party – indeed it is only Wales that is keeping Labour ‘fairly’ John de Carteret, Diane Sider, James Kellow, Roger Searle, Alan Marsden, Ronald represented in Westminster. This is because in many of the seats Goldberg, Helen Dimond, Patricia Lacy, Alex Salvaris, Robert Maitland, Peter Fisher, Labour won, MPs have a majority of tens of thousands – when only Shaun Coster, Julia Brown, Peter Craven, Gordon Morris, Nicholas Tatam, Peter Hammond, Geoff Mills, Dudley Simms, Stewart Ware, Robert Brice, Roy Palmer, Mike a single vote is needed. In many safe Conservative seats, a Labour Kirby, John Salt, Stuart Thomas, Michael Borman, Roderick Passant, Mark Child, surge led to zero increase in representation. Nigel Baldwin, Sam Hale, Ann Joice, Peter McGinty, David Rogers, John Calder, In the end, we have a system that recognises the geographical Colin Cheesman, Noeline Clayfield, John Marshall, Alan Hutton, Margaret Green, Stephanie Flude, David Royle, John Mayhew, Richard Wilson, Val Harvey, Steven location of a voter and nothing else. It is where voters are – rather Lindsay, David Brear, Caroline Whitaker, Charlotte Cornell, Peter Waller, Michael than their choices – that matters. This must change if we are to de Selincourt, Jason Trask, Louise Mccafferty, Dorothy Forsyth, Ivan Beavis, Brian restore legitimacy to our political institutions. Salter, Ian Magrath, Fiona Sawyer, Niall Martin, Peter Jackson, Michael Pillidge, Peter Robert Adamczyk-Haswell, Alex Wardle, Ellen Meredith, Guy Johnson, Susan But the real question for our politicians is this: if the two main Francis, David Hayes, Patrick Hislop, William Bootiman, Tim Hogg, Lynn Andrews, parties can gain over 80 percent of the vote for the first time in Florence Edwards, Bob Troup, Randolphe Palmer, Alan Picton, Colin Olcot, Nick decades, in a system designed for two parties, and yet both still lose Senior, Sarah Mumford, Liz Reason, Chris Dorling, Derek Chandler, Alastair Lang, Andrew Thomas, Andrew Mock, Stephen Dixon, John Gibbons, Lucy Bremah-Andoh, – when will they show the leadership the country so desperately Gareth Renshaw, Iain Cundy, Roger Marshall, Duncan Lyons, Helga Warzecha, needs and fix our voting system? Sandra Allsopp Phillips, Helen Sullivan, Anders Wang-Rask, Richard Murray, Terrence Walters, Carmel O’Dell, Donald J C Cameron, David Mcdowell, David von Dadelszen, Kris Page, Laurie Calverley, Robert Palgrave, Linda Ewles, Robert Toft, Darren Hughes David Mellenchip, Jacqueline Van Oosterwijk, Peter Willett, Brian Axe, Ian East, Chief Executive Sue Fuller, Adrian Nelson, Ronald Williamson, Rosalind Gauci, Judith Cooper, Tim Electoral Reform Society Coldicott, Louise Birley, Terence Cartwright, Alec Oattes, Derek Wyatt, Darrin Geen, Jeffrey Poulter, Margaret Foggie, Stephen Hunter, Susan Hannis, Peter Coote, Thomas Stopp, Noel Hamel, Patrick McKeown, Edward Pearson, Harold Baxter, Erik Williams, Neil Sloan, Anthony Wren, Robin Goodfellow, Eileen Cox, Peter Anderton, Ed Whelan, Ralph Tyler, Joanna Eley, Elizabeth Timothy, Graham Law, Michael Wall, Norman Matthews, Tim Ashby, Maura Richards, Mark Finch, John Lubbock, George Gwynn, George Penaluna, Auriol Stephenson, Peter Hendrix, Darren Kelliher, Anne Grzybowski, Paul Brunger, Edward Skinner, Joe White, Jean Hackett, Meg Hunter, David Stedman, James Killbery, Marnie Anderson, Iain M Maclean, Robert Ingram, Ian Lebeau, Imran Qureshi, Stuart Danton, Martina Hedley, Jamie Wrench, Tony Price, Harout Manougian, Peter vaughan, Mark Williams, Christopher Burrows, Michael Rozee, Pat Yates, David Appleyard, Gerald Pryke, Ursula Canton, Marc Beacham, Carol Keefe, Nicholas Hay, Bob Young, Amber Donebauer, Stuart Elms, Acknowledgments Patrick Keavney, Joseph Dilworth, Susan Kyme, Charles Chichester, Joanne Bennett, With thanks to Doug Cowan, Charley Jarrett, Emma Levin, Josiah Christopher Sampson, Claire Stonehouse, Toby Atley, Robert Brennan, Ian Douglas, David Hoare, Eric Ollington, Richard Young, Will Shepherd, Margaret Clamp, Carol Mortimer and Jessica Blair for their contributions to the report. Jones, David Geall and David Chapman. 6 THE 2017 GENERAL ELECTION REPORT ELECTORAL REFORM SOCIETY 7 THE THIRD STRIKE FOR 1 FIRST PAST THE POST On 26th June 2017, a full 17 days after the results of the general election were declared, a deal was finally agreed between the minority Conservative government and the Democratic Unionist Party to enable the government, on a case by case basis, to get its legislation through parliament. The results of the 2017 general election, which saw the Conservatives reduced to 3181 seats despite a 5.5 percent increase in their vote share, were realised under a system designed to deliver stable, single-party governments. On 42.4 percent, the Conservatives had not only increased their vote share (up from 36.9 percent in 2015), they had achieved the same vote share as in 1983 – a year which saw a landslide 397 Conservative MPs elected. And yet, the Prime Minister returned to parliament having lost her majority whilst the Labour opposition drafted an alternative Queen’s Speech. First Past the Post had delivered the country neither a decisive outcome nor a stable government. The volatility of this supposedly ‘strong and stable’ electoral system has been exposed in the last three general elections. In 2010 First Past the Post delivered us a coalition government, the first since 1945, under a system designed to produce single-party major- ities. In 2015, First Past the Post gave us the most disproportionate election to date with a majority government secured by under 37 percent of the vote share. 1 We include the Speaker of the House in this figure to be consistent with previous reports and general usage. The Speaker in the House of Commons renounces their party affiliation on taking the post and only votes in the case of a tie-break. Mark Kerrison / Alamy Stock Photo ELECTORAL REFORM SOCIETY 9 Now, in 2017, despite over 80 percent of votes going to just two FIGURE 2: VOTE AND SEAT PERCENTAGE CHANGE 10 parties (the highest combined vote share since 1970), First Past the Vote change Seat change Post could not deliver a majority government. The 2017 general 8 election was the third strike for First Past the Post – it’s out.