Why am I learning a load of How should I learn these words? words? This is where you get to choose. Don’t try to learn them all at once. A • In your GCSE Geography exams 15% of your marks are for Knowledge (AO1). For small batch at a time is best. Aim for about 20 minutes, a couple of any questions asking about knowledge, times a week. the key terms are essential. If you don’t know the term, you can’t answer the question! • Look, cover, write, check. You will have done something similar to • Another 25% is for your Understanding this in primary when you learned a LOT of words. (AO2). In questions that are assessing your understanding the key terms need to be used in your explanations of why • Flash cards. Some people prefer these. You can test yourself or get things have happened, or how they happen. You cannot show your somebody else to test you. They don’t have to be card, paper will understanding without using key terms in your answer! do! • Another 35% of the marks are for making Judgements (AO3). For example, if you • Quizlet. I have put all of these key terms onto Quizlet. This can be are asked to assess which type of sea defence is the best one to put in a accessed by phone, tablet, or computer. The link to the Quizlet is particular place you have to be able to https://quizlet.com/_5x9sii (the gap is an underscore.) explain not only why you chose a certain one, but also why you rejected other types. This means you need to know the • There are other flash card websites online. If you already use one key terms! In some of the judgement questions you will get spelling, that you prefer to Quizlet, that’s fine, feel free to make your own set punctuation and grammar (SPaG) marks. You cannot get all of these marks if you of cards using another website or app. Just making them will haven’t used academic language! probably help you learn a lot of them, before you even start • The last 25% of marks is for your Skills studying them. (AO4) doing things like using graphs and maps. If you are asked to find a particular feature on a map, you have to know about • In lessons I will let you know which sections will be most useful to that feature! learn next, although they are already in order. Waves Erosion Geology 1. Waves Ripples in the sea caused by 1. Hydraulic The power of the waves as they 1. The coastline is made up of the transfer of energy from the power hit a cliff. Trapped air is forced Discordant BOTH hard and soft rock. They wind blowing over the surface into cracks in the rock eventually Coast are usually at right angles to the of the sea. causing it to break up. coast. Discordant coasts often produce headlands and bays. 2. Fetch The distance over which the 2. Abrasion The sandpapering effect of wind has blown. eroded particles grinding over a 2. Where the coastline is made up of rocky surface. Concordant hard and soft rock that run parallel 3. Swash The movement of a wave up Coast to the coastline. This means the the beach after the wave has 3. Attrition Eroded particles in the water rock erodes at different rates. broken. smash into each other and break Concordant coasts often produce into smaller fragments. Their 4. Backwash The return flow of water down straighter coastlines. edges also get rounded off as a beach after a breaking they rub together. wave. Gravity means this is Landforms of Erosion always at right-angles to the Transportation 1. A rocky coastal promontory made beach. Headlands of rock that is resistant to erosion; 1. Traction Large pebbles rolled along the Weathering and bays headlands lie between bays of seabed. less resistant rock where the land 1. Freeze- Water collects in cracks, 2. Saltation A hopping or bouncing motion has been eroded back by the sea. thaw freezes and expands making of particles too heavy to be 2. Cliff A steep high rock face formed by (mechanical the crack bigger, thaws and suspended. weathering) waters seeps deeper into the weathering and erosion along the rock. 3. Particles carried within the coastline. Suspension water. 3. Arch A wave-eroded passage through 2. Rainwater absorbs CO2 from Carbonation the air making it slightly 4. Solution Dissolved chemicals often a small headland. (chemical acidic, contact with some derived from limestone or 4. Cave A large hole in the cliff caused by weathering) rocks causes a chemical chalk. waves forcing their way into reaction causing the rock to 5. The zigzag movement of cracks in the cliff face. slowly dissolve. Longshore sediment along a shore caused 5. Stack An isolated pillar of rock left when Mass movement drift by waves going up the beach at the top of an arch has collapsed. an angle and returning at right 1. Slides Material shifts in a straight angles. This results in the 6. Stump Over time erosion reduces a stack line down a slope. gradual movement of beach to a smaller, lower stump. materials along the coast. 2. Slumps Material shifts with a rotation. 7. Cove A small sheltered bay that forms on concordant coastline. 3. Rockfalls Material breaks up and falls down slope. Landforms of Deposition Soft engineering 1. Beach The zone of deposited material 1. Soft Schemes set up using that extends from the low water engineering knowledge of the sea and its line to the limit of storm waves. processes to reduce the effects of flooding and 2. Spit A depositional landform formed erosion. when a finger of sediment extends from the shore out to sea, 2. Beach Sand and shingle from often at a river mouth. It usually nourishment elsewhere that’s added to the has a curved end because of and upper part of beaches. opposing winds and currents. Reprofiling 3. Bar Where a spit grows across a bay, 3. Dune Creating or restoring sand a bay bar can eventually enclose regeneration dunes be either nourishment, the bay to create a lagoon. Bars or by planting vegetation to can also form offshore due to the stabilise the sand. action of breaking waves. Managed retreat Hard engineering 1. Managed Involves removing current 1. Hard Man-made structures built to retreat defences and allowing the engineering control the flow of the sea and sea to flood the land behind. reduce flooding and erosion. 2. Sea wall A wall made out a hard material like concrete that reflects waves back to sea. 3. Gabions Wire cages filled with rocks. 4. Rock Boulders that are piled up armour along the coast. 5. Groynes Wooden or stone fences that are built at right angles to the coast. They trap sediment transported by longshore drift..