Analecta Nipponica JOURNAL OF POLISH ASSOCIATION FOR JAPANESE STUDIES 9/2019 Analecta Nipponica JOURNAL OF POLISH ASSOCIATION FOR JAPANESE STUDIES 特別号: アイデンティティの構築。日本文化のパターン Special Issue: Constructing Identity. The Patterns of Japanese Culture Guest Editors - Agnieszka Kozyra, Iwona Kordzińska-Nawrocka Analecta Nipponica JOURNAL OF POLISH ASSOCIATION FOR JAPANESE STUDIES Editor-in-Chief Alfred F. Majewicz Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń Guest Editors of Number 9/2019 Agnieszka Kozyra University of Warsaw Iwona Kordzińska-Nawrocka University of Warsaw Editorial Board Agnieszka Kozyra University of Warsaw Iwona Kordzińska-Nawrocka University of Warsaw Editing in English Aaron Bryson Editing in Japanese Yoko Fujii Karpoluk Editorial Advisory Board Moriyuki Itō Gakushūin University in Tokyo Mikołaj Melanowicz Professor emeritus Sadami Suzuki International Research Center for Japanese Studies in Kyoto Hideo Watanabe Shinshū University in Matsumoto Estera Żeromska Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań The publication was financed by Takashima Foundation Copyrights © 2019 by Polish Association for Japanese Studies and Contributing Authors ANALECTA NIPPONICA: Number 9/2019 ISSN: 2084-2147 Published by: Published by: Polish Association for Japanese Studies Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28 00-927 Warszawa, Poland http://psbj.orient.uw.edu.pl Contents 目次 Editor’s Preface Agnieszka Kozyra, Iwona Kordzińska-Nawrocka The 11th Annual Days of Japan at the University of Warsaw, Constructing Identity. The Pattern of Japanese Culture, International Conference Proceeding – Introduction. 9 ARTICLES Japanese society, history, religion Jacek Splisgart The Role of Tradition in the Formation of Identity in Contemporary Japan 現代日本でのアイデンティティ形成における伝統の役割 .....................15 Judit Hidasi 過度経済成長の社会的代償─日本の事例 The Societal Price of Excessive Economic Growth – the Case of Japan ...............31 Agnieszka Kozyra Are the Japanese People Religious? The Problem of ‘Syncretic Religiosity’ in Japanese Culture 日本人は信仰心が篤いのか？ 日本文化における「諸派統合の信心深さ」 の問題 ......................................................................41 Japanese Culinary Culture Iwona Kordzińska-Nawrocka Japanese Culinary Culture and Identity 日本の食文化とアイデンティティ. .61 Monika Nawrocka The Japanese Traditional Ceremony Hochōshiki at the University of Warsaw ワルシャワ大学における日本の伝統儀式「庖丁式」 ..........................75 Japanese Literature Katarzyna Sonnenberg-Musiał Striving to Understand (and Interpret) the Other. Natsume Sōseki’s Tower of London 他者を理解する（そして解釈する）ための努力。夏目漱石の『倫敦塔』 ......91 Magdalena Kotlarczyk Hybrid Genres in Haruki Murakami’s Hard-Boiled Wonderland and the End of the World 村上春樹『世界の終りとハードボイルド・ワンダーランド』 における混成ジャンル ......................................................105 Hanna Kelner The Sun Hidden within – the Invention of the Tradition of Himiko. 隠れた太陽 — 卑弥呼伝説の創作 ............................................119 INTERVIEWS 第13回 ワルシャワ大学三井物産冠講座 （2019年11月19日） 鴻上尚史氏インタビュー「日本の『空気』と『世間』」 聞き手 コズィラ・アグニェシカ、プシビルスカしのぶしのぶ 13th Mitsui & Co., endowed lecture at University of Warsaw (19th November 2019) „Japanese Communication: ‘Between the Lines’ and Public Opinion” Mr Kokami Shōji – an interview, interviewer: Shinobu Przybylska ..................141 Notes About the Authors ....................................................155 Information for Contributors ................................................159 Introduction The 9th Annual Days of Japan at the University of Warsaw Constructing Identity. Patterns of Japanese Culture International Conference Proceedings The International Conference “Constructing Identity. Patterns of Japanese Cul- ture” was held on the 23–25 of October 2017 at the University of Warsaw. The main organizer was the Chair of Japanese Studies, University of Warsaw and the co-or- ganizer, the Polish Association for Japanese Studies. All conference participants (specialists in the fields of literature, history, art, theater, religion, philosophy and linguistics) presented their views on various aspects of the process of construction of the cultural identity of Japan referring to such problems as: 1. The formation of Japanese culture under the influence of foreign culture (for example, Chinese culture or the so-called Western culture) 2. The problem of “invented tradition” in Japanese culture 3. Theories and polemics on “Nihonjinron” – the uniqueness of Japanese cul- ture 4. The linguistic image of “Japanese culture” Despite some periods of isolation, Japanese culture developed in dialogue with Asian (mainly Chinese) culture and later with the so-called Western culture and therefore it is crucial to distinguish which foreign elements have become the inspi- ration for Japanese people and what were the criterions of their selection. There- fore the analysis of the process of adaptation of foreign elements to the matrix of native tradition is very important. It should be noted that such a matrix should not be regarded as unchangeable, because it happened to be reconfigured. Adopted foreign elements were later transformed, so the whole process can be regarded as a kind of synergy. In order to understand Japanese culture one must also take into consideration the problem of “invented tradition” in Japanese known as tsukurareta dentō. There are many aspects of Japanese culture that are often regarded as those created in a certain historical period, a very long time ago. However, many of them are ‘tra- ditions’ which claim or appear to be old but were invented for specific purposes rather recently (for instance, the contemporary Shintō wedding ceremony). Adap- tation takes place for old uses in new conditions and by using old models for new 10 Agnieszka Kozyra, Iwona Kordzińska-Nawrocka purposes. Sometimes new traditions can be readily grafted onto the old; sometimes they can be devised by borrowing from the old warehouses of rituals, symbolism and moral exhortation. Sometimes invented tradition establishes continuity with a suitable historic past, and scholars must explain which parts of such continuity are factitious. Invented tradition is response to a novel situation, which takes the form of reference to an old situation, or which establishes its own past by quasi- obligatory repetition. Invented traditions establish or symbolize the social cohe- sion of a group, legitimize institutions or authority, inculcate beliefs or values. That is why the problem of invented tradition is not important only in the context of social practices but also in the context of the uniqueness of Japanese culture. It is the contrast between constant change and innovation of the modern world and the attempt to structure at least some parts of social life or culture within it as unchanging and invariant, that makes ‘the invention of tradition’ so interesting for Japanese studies scholars. Various theories proving the uniqueness of Japanese culture (for instance the so-called Nihonjinron) were also analyzed in the above context. Nihonjinron means the discourse on the national identity of Japanese people, which refers to a gen- eral discussion about characteristics of the Japanese nation, culture and spirit. The unique properties of Japanese culture are distinguished and differences from for- eign cultures are stressed in various fields such as philosophy, religion, sociology, psychology or aesthetics. The first type of argumentation in such discourse prem- ises that the natural conditions and geographical position of the Japan Archipel- ago has influenced the development of a unique Japanese culture. In most books, which represent such an approach, for instance, Shiga Shigetaka’s Nihon fūkeiron (Japanese Landscape) or Watsuji Tetsurō’s Fūdo. Ningen gakuteki kōsatsu (which has been translated into English as Climate and Culture), the starting point of analysis is geographic position and features of Japan as an archipelago. The foun- dation of the national identity of Japanese people is found in the natural isolation of the islanders’ culture, marked by a so-called insular mentality (shimaguni konjō). Natural isolation does not imply the isolation from a competitive, foreign vision of cultural values, because adaptation and creative transformation is allowed. The second type of argumentation stresses the importance of the biological factor in the formation of ethnic homogeneity and linguistic community of the Japanese people – for example, Yamada Yoshio’s Kokugo to Kokuminsei (National language and nationality) or Tsunoda Tadanobu’s Nihonjin no nō. Nō no hataraki to tōzai no bunka (The Japanese Brain. Brain Functions and Eat-West Culture). The third type of argumentation focuses on the historical and political causes of Japan’s isolation – for instance, Nitobe Inazō’s Bushidō, Soul of Japan, Nakane Chie’s Tateshakai no ningenkankei: tan’itsu no shakai no ronri (which has been translated into English as Japanese Society. A Practical Guide to Understanding the Japanese Mindset and Culture) Doi Takeo’s Amae no kōzō (The Anatomy of Dependence) or Itō Mayumi’s Introduction 11 Globalization of Japan: Japanese Sakoku Mentality and U.S. Efforts to Open Japan. All these authors concentrate on the rather long period of political isolation dur- ing the Tokugawa regime, when unique vertical social relations and the ethical values of collectiveness were further developed. Dynastic continuity and the spe- cial role of the Emperor (bansei ikkei) are regarded as the core of national identity. Some articles based on the conference papers will be published in the Polish language in monograph form in 2020. In this special edition of