P1: IML/SPH P2: IML/SPH QC: IML/SPH T1: IML CB598-FM CB598-Flower-v3 August 26, 2003 18:47 The Cambridge Companion to THE ROMAN REPUBLIC S Edited by Harriet I. Flower Princeton University iii P1: IML/SPH P2: IML/SPH QC: IML/SPH T1: IML CB598-FM CB598-Flower-v3 August 26, 2003 18:47 published by the press syndicate of the university of cambridge The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom cambridge university press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 2ru,UK 40 West 20th Street, New York, ny 10011-4211, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, vic 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarcon´ 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org C Cambridge University Press 2004 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2004 Printed in the United States of America Typeface Bembo 11/13 pt. System LATEX 2ε [tb] A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic / edited by Harriet I. Flower. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 0-521-80794-8 – isbn 0-521-00390-3 (pb.) 1. Rome – History – Republic, 510–30 b.c. I. Flower, Harriet I. dg235.c36 2003 937.02 – dc21 2003048572 isbn 0 521 80794 8 hardback isbn 0 521 00390 3 paperback iv P1: IML/SPH P2: IML/SPH QC: IML/SPH T1: IML CB598-FM CB598-Flower-v3 August 26, 2003 18:47 Contents S List of Illustrations and Maps page vii List of Contributors ix Preface xv Introduction 1 HARRIET I. FLOWER Part 1: Political and Military History 1 The Early Republic 15 STEPHEN P. OAKLEY 2 Power and Process under the Republican “Constitution” 31 T. COREY BRENNAN 3 The Roman Army and Navy 66 DAVID POTTER 4 The Crisis of the Republic 89 JURGEN¨ VON UNGERN-STERNBERG Part 2: Roman Society 5 Under Roman Roofs: Family, House, and Household 113 KARL-J. HOLKESKAMP¨ 6 Women in the Roman Republic 139 PHYLLIS CULHAM v P1: IML/SPH P2: IML/SPH QC: IML/SPH T1: IML CB598-FM CB598-Flower-v3 August 26, 2003 18:47 Contents 7 The Republican Economy and Roman Law: Regulation, Promotion, or Reflection? 160 JEAN-JACQUES AUBERT 8 Roman Religion 179 JORG¨ RUPKE¨ Part 3: Rome’s Empire 9 Italy during the Roman Republic, 338–31 b.c. 199 KATHRYN LOMAS 10 Rome and Carthage 225 JOHN F. LAZENBY 11 Rome and the Greek World 242 ERICHS.GRUEN Part 4: Roman Culture 12 Literature in the Roman Republic 271 ELAINE FANTHAM 13 Roman Art during the Republic 294 ANN L. KUTTNER 14 Spectacle and Political Culture in the Roman Republic 322 HARRIET I. FLOWER Part 5: Epilogue: The Influence of the Roman Republic 15 The Roman Republic and the French and American Revolutions 347 MORTIMER N. S. SELLERS Timeline 365 Bibliography 367 Index 395 vi P1: IML/SPH P2: IML/SPH QC: IML/SPH T1: IML CB598-FM CB598-Flower-v3 August 26, 2003 18:47 Illustrations and Maps S 1 The Cornelii Scipiones and some of their family connections page 120 2 Ground plan of a typical atrium house with peristyle 121 3 “Serial marriage”: Pompey and his five wives 133 4 Excavation of the Neronian Meta Sudans between the Palatine, the Flavian amphitheater, and the arch of Constantine 185 5 Fresco with Dionysiac scenes, from the Villa of the Mysteries, Pompeii 187 6 Denarius of C. Servilius, Rome mint, 57 b.c. 190 7 Temple B at the Largo Argentina identified as the temple of “Today’s Luck” (Fortuna Huiusce Diei ) 192 8 Pre-Roman Italy: principal ethnic groups 200 9 Roman Italy: major pre-Roman sites 202 10 Pietrabbondante: plan of the sanctuary 203 11 Roman colonization in Italy, 338–80 b.c. 208 12 Paestum: plan of the forum and agora 210 13 Cosa: plan of colony 211 14 Pompeii: Forum in the late second century b.c. 214 15 Pompeii: triangular forum and theatre in the second century b.c. 215 16 The Second Punic War 226 17 The Roman world in the late second century b.c. 243 18 The Roman world in 50 b.c. 245 19 Rome in the last two centuries of the Republic 295 20 Republican temples at the Largo Argentina 300 21 The “Lupa Romana” (“Capitoline Wolf ”), hollow-cast bronze, fifth or fourth century b.c. 302 22 “Anaglypha Traiani,” Hadrianic marble parapet frieze showing Forum Romanum, the “ficus Ruminalis,” and the ancient statue of Marsyas 303 vii P1: IML/SPH P2: IML/SPH QC: IML/SPH T1: IML CB598-FM CB598-Flower-v3 August 26, 2003 18:47 Illustrations and Maps 23 Ficoroni cista from a tomb at Praeneste, late fourth century b.c. 309 24 Silver denarius of Faustus Sulla, Rome mint, 56 b.c. 311 25 So-called Altar of Domitius Ahenobarbus, c. 110–80 b.c. 312 26 Knight’s urn (Volterra, alabaster), c. 125–75 b.c. 313 27 Praeneste, terracotta plaques from a monumental frieze with equestrian and ?sacrificial parade 314 28 “Tivoli general,” from Tibur, Sanctuary of Hercules Victor, c. 100–60 b.c. 315 29 Silver denarius of Caius Minucius Augurinus, Rome mint, 135 b.c. 317 30 Signet-ring intaglio, third or second century b.c., with military oath scene, after the statue group of Romulus and Titus Tatius on the Sacra Via 319 31 Silver half-stater, Rome mint, 225–212 b.c. 320 32 Equestrian plinth monument of Aemilius Paullus before the temple of Apollo at Delphi, 168–167 b.c. 330 33 Monument of Aemilius Paullus at Delphi, battle relief with riderless horse, 168–167 b.c. 332 viii P1: IYP 0521807948c01 CB598-Flower-v3 August 16, 2003 10:51 1: The Early Republic Stephen P. Oakley S rigins will always fascinate. By 264 b.c. Rome was already Ogoverned by means of most of the constitutional arrangements that are familiar to us from the ‘classical’ period of republican history;1 in that year it both completed the subjugation of peninsular Italy by capturing Volsinii (modern Orvieto) and began the process of Mediterranean conquest by sending its legions across the Straits of Messina into Sicily. Yet c. 509 b.c. it was just a large city in Latium with a constitution as yet undeveloped after emergence from a long period of monarchical rule. This chapter considers the origins of the Roman Republic and attempts to explain how the Latin city transformed itself into a nation ready and willing to grasp the prize of empire. Before we begin, we must confront briefly the greatest problem in the study of early Rome, the notorious unreliability of our sources.2 They are almost entirely literary, and among them Livy, the only sur- viving writer to present a detailed narrative of most of the period, is preeminent.3 The reasons for this unreliability are easily explained: the Republic began c. 509 b.c., whereas Fabius Pictor, the first Roman his- torian, wrote c. 200; he and his successors in the second century b.c. had only very incomplete evidence, especially for the early period; many of Pictor’s successors distorted what little material they had by recon- structing the history of early Rome so that it read like a history of their This chapter deals with the history of the Republic between 509 and 264 b.c. The literature on the relevant topics is enormous, and each note cites only one or two recent and reliable discussions in English of the topic under consideration. The two fullest recent treatments in English of the early Republic are Walbank et al. (1989) and Cornell (1995); reference will not be made again to these works, but they should be consulted via their indexes for almost all the topics discussed in this chapter. My own views on many of the matters discussed here are expounded at greater length in A commentary on Livy, Books VI–X (Oakley, 1997–2004). 15 P1: IYP 0521807948c01 CB598-Flower-v3 August 16, 2003 10:51 The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic own times; and Livy unfortunately based his account on these writers rather than on the original evidence. Most scholars now agree that as a result of this process the details of Livy’s political and military narrative are unreliable, amounting to reconstruction or plausible invention by Livy himself or by his sources. Yet many also believe that, once this reconstruction and invention has been stripped away, one is left with references to events that really did happen (e.g., the passing of a law or the agreement of a treaty or the capture of a town). To take a sim- ple example, Livy (5.19–23), supported by other writers dependent on similar sources, gives a long description of how the Romans captured Veii in 396; few, if any, scholars doubt the fact that Veii fell to Rome in that year, but likewise few accept the historicity of all the legends with which the tale is embroidered in Livy and others. There remains much disagreement about what in Livy and others was transmitted reliably from the fifth, fourth, or third centuries and what was invented in the third, second, or first, but most scholars believe that our evidence gets better the further away the event in question is from 509 b.c.