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PRGS dissertations are produced by graduate fellows of the Pardee RAND Graduate School, the world’s leading producer of Ph.D.s in policy analysis. The dissertation has been supervised; reviewed; and approved by the faculty committee composed of Krishna Kumar (Chair), Howard Shatz, and Daniel Egel. PARDEE RAND GRADUATE SCHOOL www.rand.org R C O R P O R A T I O N RGSD-353 RGD353coverspreadCC.indd 1 4/27/15 1:40 PM Dissertation Three Studies in Conflict Elizabeth Wilke This document was submitted as a dissertation in March 2015 in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the doctoral degree in public policy analysis at the Pardee RAND Graduate School. The faculty committee that supervised and approved the dissertation consisted of Krishna Kumar (Chair), Howard Shatz, and Daniel Egel. PARDEE RAND GRADUATE SCHOOL The Pardee RAND Graduate School dissertation series reproduces dissertations that have been approved by the student’s dissertation committee. The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and decisionmaking through research and analysis. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. R® is a registered trademark. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Copies may not be duplicated for commercial purposes. Unauthorized posting of RAND documents to a non-RAND website is prohibited. RAND documents are protected under copyright law. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit the RAND permissions page (http://www.rand.org/publications/permissions.html). Published 2015 by the RAND Corporation 1776 Main Street, P.O. Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138 1200 South Hayes Street, Arlington, VA 22202-5050 4570 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2665 RAND URL: http://www.rand.org/ To order RAND documents or to obtain additional information, contact Distribution Services: Telephone: (310) 451-7002; Fax: (310) 451-6915; Email: [email protected] Contents List of Tables .................................................................................................................................................. vii List of Figures ................................................................................................................................................ vii Preface ............................................................................................................................................................... ix Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................................... xi Summary ......................................................................................................................................................... xiii Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................... 1 Sierra Leone: Applying Theory in Context ...................................................................................................... 1 Uganda: Evaluating the Impact of Programs .................................................................................................. 1 Long Term Social Capital: Assessing the State of Knowledge ......................................................................... 2 Participation, Organization, and Violence: Findings from Sierra Leone ....................................... 4 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 4 2. Recent Theories of Faction Behavior ......................................................................................................... 6 3. History of the Sierra Leone War (1991-2002) ........................................................................................... 10 4. Methodological Approach and Data ........................................................................................................ 12 4.1 Method ..................................................................................................................................................... 12 4.2 Data ........................................................................................................................................................ 13 5. Violence and Tactics ................................................................................................................................ 14 6. Structure, Control, and Discipline ............................................................................................................ 18 6.1 Structure ................................................................................................................................................... 18 6.2 Control and Discipline................................................................................................................................. 19 8. Services and Selective Incentives ............................................................................................................. 22 9. Human and Non-Human Resources ........................................................................................................ 24 9.1 Recruitment ............................................................................................................................................... 24 9.2 Non-human Resources ................................................................................................................................. 28 10. Discussion ........................................................................................................................................... 31 11. Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................... 33 Appendix: Combatant Summary Statistics ........................................................................................................ 34 Reintegrating Former Youth Soldiers: The Effect of Reception Centers in Northern Uganda ............................................................................................................................................................................ 36 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 36 2. Literature ................................................................................................................................................. 38 iii 3. Abduction and Return in Northern Uganda ............................................................................................. 42 4. Reception Centers in Northern Uganda ................................................................................................... 44 5. Data: Survey of War Affected Youth, Phase I (SWAYI) .......................................................................... 46 6. Explanation of Variables ......................................................................................................................... 47 6.1 Outcome Variables ................................................................................................................................. 49 6.2 Control Variables ................................................................................................................................... 50 7. Methodology: Instrumental Variables .....................................................................................................