Contents Foreword xiii Stuart E. Mervis, MD, FACR Preface xv Acknowledgments xvi 1 Introduction to Emergency Imaging 1 Observing and Interpreting Reporting Grading and Measuring Incidental Findings Learning Radiology CT Window and Level Approximate Radiation Doses for Emergency Studies (mSV) CT Contrast Administration, Risks, and Adverse Reactions 2 Brain 9 Approach Imaging and Anatomy Clinical Presentations and Differential Diagnosis Cerebral Edema Patterns Anatomic Variants and Incidental Findings Skull Fracture Epidural Hematoma Acute Subdural Hematoma Subacute and Chronic Subdural Hematoma Subdural Hygroma Traumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Cerebral Contusion Diffuse Axonal Injury Pneumocephalus Cerebral Swelling Cerebral Herniation Posttraumatic Atrophy and Encephalomalacia Hypertensive Hemorrhage Amyloid Angiopathy Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Arteriovenous Malformation Cavernous Malformation Anoxic Injury Cerebral Infarct: Arterial Territories vii viii Contents Venous Sinus Thrombosis and Venous Infarct White Matter Disease Cerebritis and Brain Abscess Herpes Encephalitis Neurocysticercosis Bacterial Meningitis Low- and Intermediate-Grade Gliomas Glioblastoma Primary CNS Lymphoma Cerebral Metastasis Hydrocephalus 3 Head and Neck 83 Approach Imaging and Anatomy Clinical Presentations and Differential Diagnosis Nasal and Naso-Orbito-Ethmoid Fracture Zygomaticomaxillary Complex Fracture Le Fort Fractures Midface Smash Injury Orbital Wall Fractures Globe and Orbital Soft Tissue Injury Temporal Bone Fracture Mandible Fracture Laryngeal Fracture Cervical Vascular Injury Sinus Obstruction and Inflammation Nasopharyngeal Masses Epiglottitis and Croup Tonsillitis and Mononucleosis Peritonsillar and Retropharyngeal Abscess Prevertebral Abscess Jugular Vein Thrombosis and Septic Jugular Thrombophlebitis Cervical Adenitis Lymphoma Involving the Head and Neck Metastatic Head and Neck Carcinoma Cervical Developmental Cysts and Masses Dental Disease and Odontogenic Abscess Sialolithiasis, Sialodochitis, and Sialadenitis Orbital Cellulitis and Abscess Orbital Inflammatory Disease Dacryoadenitis and Dacryocystitis Necrotizing External Otitis Otitis Media and Mastoiditis Petrous Apicitis 4 Spine 151 Approach Imaging Clinical Presentations and Differential Diagnosis Craniocervical Junction Injuries Atlantoaxial Rotatory Subluxation Contents ix C1 Burst (Jefferson) Fracture Odontoid (Dens) Fracture Traumatic C2 Spondylolisthesis Cervical Hyperflexion Injury 1 Cervical Hyperflexion Injury 2 Cervical Hyperextension Injuries Anterior Compression and Burst Fractures Flexion-Distraction Injuries Fracture-Dislocation Fused-Spine Fracture Spinal Epidural Hematoma Discitis and Vertebral Osteomyelitis Epidural Abscess Myelitis and Radiculitis Disc Herniation Ankylosing Spondylitis Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis Spinal Cord Infarct Spinal Dural Arteriovenous Fistula Spinal Metastatic Disease Spinal Schwannoma and Meningioma Ependymoma 5 Chest 205 Approach and Analysis Imaging and Anatomy Clinical Presentations and Differential Diagnosis Chest Wall Injuries Pneumothorax Hemothorax Pulmonary Contusion and Laceration Tracheobronchial Rupture Traumatic Aortic Injury Achalasia Boerhaave Syndrome and Mediastinitis Aortic Dissection and Nontraumatic Aortic Rupture Pulmonary Embolism and Deep Venous Thrombosis Pneumonia Interstitial Pneumonia Tuberculosis Bronchiectasis and Cystic Fibrosis Septic Pulmonary Embolism and Lung Abscess Empyema Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformation Pericardial Effusion Pulmonary Edema Emphysema Pneumomediastinum Lymphoma Thymoma Bronchogenic Carcinoma Pancoast Tumor Pulmonary Metastases x Contents 6 Abdomen and Pelvis 267 Approach Imaging and Anatomy Clinical Presentations and Differential Diagnosis Diaphragm Rupture Splenic Injury Hepatic Injury Renal Injury Pancreatic Trauma Shock Bowel and Small-Bowel Injury Bladder and Urethral Injury Gastric Ulcer/Gastric Outlet Obstruction Duodenal Perforation Acute Pancreatitis Pancreatic Necrosis and Chronic Pancreatitis Pancreatic Masses and Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Acute Cholecystitis Hepatitis Cirrhosis and Portal Venous Hypertension Postsinusoidal Portal Venous Hypertension Incidental Liver Masses Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cholangiocarcinoma Hepatic Metastases Hepatic Abscess Nephrolithiasis Pyelonephritis and Renal Abscess Renal Infarct Renal Masses and Renal Cell Carcinoma Adrenal Nodules and Masses Adrenal Hemorrhage Intussusception Abdominal Foreign Bodies and Body Packing Small-Bowel Obstruction I Small-Bowel Obstruction II Cecal Volvulus Sigmoid Volvulus Acute Bowel Ischemia and Necrosis Ischemic Colitis Acute and Perforated Appendicitis Epiploic Appendagitis and Omental Infarct Mesenteric Adenitis Pseudomembranous and Neutropenic Colitis Crohn Disease Ulcerative Colitis Diverticulitis Benign Pneumatosis Coli Abdominal Abscess Abdominal Lymphoma Peritoneal Carcinomatosis Sclerosing Mesenteritis Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Retroperitoneal Hematoma Incarcerated Inguinal Hernia Contents xi Benign and Indeterminate Ovarian Cysts Cystic Ovarian Neoplasms and Ovarian Carcinoma Ovarian Teratoma Ruptured Ovarian Cysts Ovarian Torsion Tubo-Ovarian Abscess Ruptured Ectopic Pregnancy Testicular Torsion and Torsed Appendix Testis Epididymitis and Epididymo-orchitis Testicular Carcinoma 7 Musculoskeletal 399 Approach Imaging Orthopedic Hardware Clinical Presentation and Differential Diagnosis Scapular Fracture Acromioclavicular Separation Anterior Shoulder Dislocation and Luxatio Erecta Posterior Shoulder Dislocation Humeral Head Fracture Elbow Dislocation Radial Head Fracture and Essex-Lopresti Fracture-Dislocation Ulnar Olecranon Fracture Forearm Fractures Distal Radius Fractures Scaphoid Fracture and Scapholunate Dissociation Perilunate and Lunate Dislocation Nonscaphoid Carpal Fractures Metacarpal Neck Fractures Base of Thumb Fractures Gamekeeper’s Thumb Finger Deformities Dorsal and Volar Plate Avulsion Fractures Pelvis Fractures Acetabular Fracture Femoral Neck Fractures Ligamentous Injuries of the Knee Patellar Fracture Quadriceps and Patellar Tendon Rupture Tibial Plateau Fracture Baker Cyst Tibial and Fibular Fractures Achilles Tendon Rupture Ankle Fractures Osteochondral Fracture Calcaneal Fracture Talar Fracture and Subtalar Dislocation Navicular Fracture Lisfranc Fracture-Dislocation Metatarsal Fractures Cellulitis and Necrotizing Fasciitis Bursitis Septic Arthritis xii Contents Osteomyelitis Lucent Bone Lesions I Lucent Bone Lesions II Skeletal Metastasis Osteosarcoma and Parietal Osteosarcoma Paget Disease of Bone Multiple Myeloma and Plasmacytoma Avascular Necrosis Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis Neuropathic Arthropathy and Gout 8 Pediatrics 507 Approach and Analysis Imaging and Anatomy Clinical Presentations and Differential Diagnosis Nonaccidental Trauma Lung Disease of Prematurity Bronchiolitis and Acute Pediatric Pneumonia Aspirated or Swallowed Foreign Body Necrotizing Enterocolitis Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Proximal Bowel Obstruction Hirschsprung Disease Incomplete and Impacted Pediatric Fractures Humeral Supracondylar Fracture Humeral Epicondyle Avulsion Fractures Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis Hip Effusion Toddler Fracture Tillaux and Triplane Fracture Index 543.