NADEJDA PETROVA MADJIROVA PSYCHOPATHOLOGY psychophysiological and clinical aspects PLOVDIV 2005 I devote this book to all my patients that shared with me their intimate problems. © Nadejda Petrova Madjirova, 2015 PSYCHOPATHOLOGY: PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL ASPECTS Prof. Dr. Nadejda Petrova Madjirova, MD, PhD, DMSs Reviewer: Prof. Rumen Ivandv Stamatov, PhD, DPS Prof. Drozdstoj Stoyanov Stoyanov, PhD, MD Design: Nadejda P. Madjirova, MD, PhD, DMSc. Prepress: Galya Gerasimova Printed by ISBN I. COMMON ASPECTS IN PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY “A wise man ought to realize that health is his most valuable possession” Hippocrates C O N T E N T S I. Common aspects in psychophysiology. ..................................................1 1. Some aspects on brain structure. ....................................................5 2. Lateralisation of the brain hemispheres. ..........................................7 II. Experimental Psychology. ..................................................................... 11 1. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. .................................................................... 11 2. John Watson’s experiments with little Albert. .................................15 III. Psychic spheres. ...................................................................................20 1. Perception – disturbances..............................................................21 2. Disturbances of Will .......................................................................40 3. Emotions ........................................................................................49 4. Memory ..........................................................................................62 5. Thinking..........................................................................................82 6. Intelligence .....................................................................................94 Intellectual disability (Mental retardation) .....................................105 7. Attention .......................................................................................108 Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorders (ADHD) ................... 111 8. Consciousness ............................................................................. 116 Consciousness and Freudian theory..........................................121 Disorders of consciousness .........................................................127 IV. Sleep ...................................................................................................130 V. Dreams ................................................................................................137 VI. Stress ..................................................................................................149 VII. Aggression ..........................................................................................159 1. Stockholm’s syndrome .................................................................174 2. Serial killers .................................................................................180 VIII. Suicide.................................................................................................184 IX. Chronobiology in Psychiatry. ...............................................................191 X. Normal and abnormal in psychopathology ..........................................201 XI. Psychiatric examination.......................................................................206 1. Medical interview..........................................................................206 2. Anamnesis ...................................................................................206 3. Informed consent .........................................................................207 4. Personality ...................................................................................208 XII. Mental disorders ..................................................................................213 1. Psychoses ....................................................................................215 2. Delirium ........................................................................................217 III PSYCHOPATHOLOGY XIII. Psychosomatic disorders ....................................................................225 XIV. Schizophrenia .....................................................................................229 XV. Mood disorders....................................................................................239 XVI. Anxiety disorders .................................................................................252 1. Panic disorder ..............................................................................260 2. Post traumatic Stress disorder .....................................................261 3. Phobic disorder ............................................................................262 4. Obsessive compulsive disorder ...................................................265 XVII. Eating disorders ..................................................................................267 XVIII. Autism .................................................................................................275 XIX. Child Psychopathology ........................................................................285 1. Encopresis ...................................................................................300 2. Tic disorders. Jilles de la Tourette’s syndrome .............................300 XX. Child complexes ..................................................................................303 XXI. Substance abuse – psychological aspects..........................................309 XXII. Sexual dysfunction ..............................................................................310 XXIII. Psychotherapy..................................................................................... 311 1. Placebo ........................................................................................312 2. Jatrogenia ....................................................................................317 3. Gestalt therapy .............................................................................319 4. Carl Roger’s therapy ....................................................................320 5. Positive psychotherapy ................................................................323 6. Hypnotherapy ...............................................................................325 7. Psychophysiological Decapsulation of K. Cholakov.....................333 XXIV. Rare syndromes ..................................................................................337 1. Culture determined syndrome ......................................................337 • Jumping French of Mein...............................................................339 • Vendigo psychoses ......................................................................339 • The running amok ........................................................................339 • Dhat syndrome, ejaculation anxiety .............................................340 2. Paris syndrome ............................................................................340 3. Jerusalem syndrome ....................................................................341 4. Zero stroke ...................................................................................342 5. Lisztomania ..................................................................................342 6. Diogenes/Plyushkin’s syndrome ..................................................343 7. Lycantropy syndrome ...................................................................346 8. False pregnancy...........................................................................347 Appendix I – scales for examination the patient/client .....................................349 Appendix II – tests for student’s examination. ..................................................381 IV I. COMMON ASPECTS IN PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY I. COMMON ASPECTS IN PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY Psychophysiology is physiology in relation to the mind and its processes. Psychophy- siology is characterized with the influence of neural and physiological factors on psychological process. It is difficult to make a distinction between psychophysiology and some disciplines as psychobiology, neuropsychology and cognitive neurosciences. All of them treated the connec- tion between psychology and physiology. DEFINITION: Psychophysiology is a branch of psychology, which is concerned with the physiological bases of psychological processes. Psychophysiology (from Greek ψῡχή, According to G. Berntson and J. Ca- psȳkhē, “breath, life, soul”; φύσις, physis, “nature, cioppo psychophysiology is an interdisci- origin”; and -λογία, -logia) is the branch of psy- plinary science that seeks to elucidate the chology that is concerned with the physiologi- relations between the mind and the body. cal bases of psychological processes. History in Psychophysiology – even its roots are very ancient, it is established as an independent discipline since 1960, and it is connected with the formation of the Society of Psy- chophysiology in the same year and the appearance of the 1st journal of Psychophysiology 4 years later (Cacioppo et al., 2000b; Sternbach, 1966). History in Psychophysiology HISTORY Even its roots are very an- Psychophysiology is an interdisciplinary science that seeks the relations between the mind and the body. cient since 1960 it was es- tablished as an independent