Power Electronics – Quo Vadis Frede Blaabjerg Professor, IEEE Fellow [email protected] Aalborg University Department of Energy Technology Aalborg, Denmark Outline ► Power Electronics and Components State-of-the-art; Technology overview, global impact ► Renewable Energy Systems PV; Wind power; Cost of Energy; Grid Codes ► Reliable Power Electronics Reliability, Design for reliability, Physics of Failure ► Outlook ► Aalborg University, Denmark Denmark Aalborg H. C. Andersen USNEWS 2019 Engineering Copenhagen No. 4 globally No. 1 in Europe Odense No. 1 in normalized citation impact globally Source: https://www.usnews.com/education/best- global-universities/engineering Established in 1974 PBL-Aalborg Model 22,000 students (Problem-based 2,300 faculty learning) CENTER OF RELIABLE POWER ELECTRONICS, AALBORG UNIVERSITY 33 ► Where are We Now? CENTER OF RELIABLE POWER ELECTRONICS, AALBORG UNIVERSITY 44 ► Energy Technology Department at Aalborg University 40+ Faculty, 120+ PhDs, 30+ RAs & Postdocs, 20+ Technical staff, 80+ visiting scholars 60% of manpower on power electronics and its applications CENTER OF RELIABLE POWER ELECTRONICS, AALBORG UNIVERSITY 55 Power Electronics and Components ► Transition of Energy System from Central to De-central Power Generation (Source: Danish Energy Agency) (Source: Danish Energy Agency) from large synchronous generators to more power electronic converters Source: http://media.treehugger.com Towards 100% Power Electronics Interfaced Source: http://electrical-engineering-portal.com Integration to electric grid Power transmission Source: www.offshorewind.biz Power distribution Power conversion Power control CENTER OF RELIABLE POWER ELECTRONICS, AALBORG UNIVERSITY 7 Renewable Electricity in Denmark Wind Dominated 70.2% 2017 RE Electricity Gener. in DK Proportion of renewable electricity in Denmark (*target value) Key figures 2016 2017 2027 2035 Wind share of net generation in year 44.2% 50.2% 60%* Wind share of consumption in year 37.6% 43.4% RE share of net generation in year 61.6% 71.4% 90%* 100%* RE share of consumption in year 52.4% 61.9% https://en.energinet.dk/About-our-reports/Reports/Environmental-Report-2018 8 https://ens.dk/sites/ens.dk/files/Analyser/denmarks_energy_and_climate_outlook_2017.pdf Power Electronics in all aspects of Energy Energy Production | Distribution | Consumption | Control 9 100+ Years of Power Electronics Reliability becomes one of the key application-oriented challenges Wide-bandgap Semiconductors: Application ranges Sources Yole Developpement, ECPE Workshop 2016 G. Meneghesso, “Parasitic and Reliability issues in GaN-Based Transistors”, CORPE Workshop 2018, Aalborg, Denmark CENTER OF RELIABLE POWER ELECTRONICS, AALBORG UNIVERSITY 11 Wide-bandgap Semiconductors Physical parameters of common wide-bandgap semiconductors in comparison with Silicon Sources Joachim Würfl, “GaN Power Devices (HEMT): Basics, Advantages and Perspectives”, ECPE Workshop 2013 G. Meneghesso, “Parasitic and Reliability issues in GaN-Based Transistors”, CORPE Workshop 2018, Aalborg, Denmark CENTER OF RELIABLE POWER ELECTRONICS, AALBORG UNIVERSITY 12 Typical Capacitors in Power Electronic Applications Al-Caps MPPF-Caps MLC-Caps Sandwich e e t y y g e ty y t c g (Source:n F c it n r li it s n a http://www.jhdeli.com/Templates/Cold_Sandwich.html)e D n il ti tu i s o a lt rr e b a a b n C it o u d u a r r ia e c V c n q t e e l a a e s d p e d p le R r . R y a p S F p l m rg C p E a o e e i C V T n R E Relative Superior intermediate Inferior Performance Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitor Capacitance Capacitors might be a bottleneck in modern power electronics Al Ripple current rating MPPF-Caps MLC -Caps -Caps Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors Metallized Polypropylene Film Capacitors Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors Concept of a Two-terminal Active Capacitor Feature No signal connection to main circuit No auxiliary power supply Only two-terminal ”A” and ”B” connected to external main circuit Active Capacitor § Two-terminals only A § Impedance characteristics equivalent to B passive capacitors i Sampling and conditioning AB Active switches Micro-controller Gate drivers Passive elements Self-power Supply vAB Retain the same level of convenience as a conventional passive capacitor Application independent Lowest apparent power processed by the auxiliary circuit Source: H. Wang, H. Wang and F. Blaabjerg, ¨A two-terminal active capacitor device¨ Proof-of-Concept of a Two-terminal Active Capacitor Internal auxiliary power from MOSFET 100 110 µF passive capacitor (3.4 J) ) Active capacitor dB 50 ( 1100 µF@100Hz (5.8 J) 0 1100 µF passive Magnitude Magnitude capacitor (34.4 J) -50 -90 ) deg ( -135 High pass filter with cut off frequency of 10 Hz Phase Phase -180 -1 0 1 2 3 4 10 10 10 10 10 10 Frequency (Hz) An implementation of the two-terminal active capacitor concept Impedance characteristics of active capacitor Source: Haoran Wang and Huai Wang, “A two-terminal active capacitor,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2017 Experimental Results of Active Capacitor A + VDC link : [100V/ div] Ripple ratio 4.1 % v AC iAC - Active v : [100V/ div] + Resistive AC Capacitor VDC link load i :[10A/ div] Lg AC B - t : [20ms/ div] Single-phase system with active capacitor Key waveforms of the system with 110uF active capacitor Low voltage DC-link capacitor in full-bridge Top side VDC link : [100V/ div] High frequency Ripple ratio 4.8 % filter inductor High frequency v : [100V/ div] filter capacitor AC iAC :[10A/ div] Bottom side C1 Self-power supply Micro-controller GaN based t : [20ms/ div] full-bridge Key waveforms of the system with 1100uF passive capacitor Duality of Active Capacitor and Inductor Two-terminal active capacitor Two-terminal active inductor A A vAB=vmain+vhh vAB=vlh+vhh v ihh hh vmain+vlh imain+ilh ilh -ilh+ihh + - -vlh+vhh vlh B B iAB=ilh+ihh iAB=imain+ihh Minimum apparent power ≈ Vlh × Ilh Features: (a) The active capacitor concept. (b) The proposed active inductor concept. it has two terminals only same as a conventional passive components without any external feedback signal and power supply, and the auxiliary circuit processes the minimum apparent power, which is the theoretical minimum limit. Source: H. Wang and H. Wang, ¨A two-terminal active inductor device¨ Circuit Diagram of Active Inductor Device Features: C1 • Current control based on internal voltage v C1 and current information of the auxiliary circuit Self- power circuit • Same impedance with passive inductor in frequency of interest L2 L L i B A f 1 L2 100 ) 28 mH passive inductor with 0.51 J dB 50 ( rated inductive energy storage iL v i i 1 C1 L1 L2 Sampling and conditioning 0 MCU controller The active inductor with 0.14 J Gate driver rated inductive energy storage Magnitude Magnitude -50 8 mH passive inductor iL 2 - G (s) + 2 -100 180 i icon1 i L1 con2 GHPF (s) - + ) 135 deg s ( v 90 C Phase 1 - GLPF (s) + G1(s) V 45 C1 , ref -2 0 2 4 10 10 10 10 Frequency (Hz) vAB Source: Haoran Wang and Huai Wang, “A Two-terminal Active Inductor with Minimum Apparent Power for the Auxiliary Circuit,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2018 Power Electronics and Components – Quo Vadis Power Electronics devices driving the power electronics WBG on fast move – Silicon still a player.. – base material critical Reliability needs to be more proven for WBG New packaging technique developed Lower volume, higher power density, more critical Radical change in equipment design – x10 in switching frequency New skills are needed – eg from antenna domain 3D/4D/5D/6D design methods are necessary Technology will develop fast – lack of models Passive components can be a bottle-neck Active passive components give flexibility Curriculums have to be updated 19 Renewable Energy Systems State of the Art – Renewable Evolution Worldwide Installed Renewable Energy Capacity (2000-2017) 1. Hydropower also includes pumped storage and mixed plants; 2. Marine energy covers tide, wave, and ocean energy (Source: IRENA, “Renewable energy capacity statistics 2018”, http://www.irena.org/publications, March 2018) 21 Global RES Annual Changes Global Renewable Energy Annual Changes in Gigawatt (2001-2017) 1. Hydropower also includes pumped storage and mixed plants; 2. Marine energy covers tide, wave, and ocean energy (Source: IRENA, “Renewable energy capacity statistics 2018”, http://www.irena.org/publications, March 2018) 22 Share of the Net Total Annual Additions RES and non-RES as a share of the net total annual additions Chapter 01 in Renewable energy devices and systems with simulations in MATLAB and ANSYS, Editors: F. Blaabjerg and D.M. Ionel, CRC Press LLC, 2017 IRENA, REN 21 23 State of the Art Development – Wind Power 12 MW D 220 m 10 MW D 164 m 5 MW D 124 m 2 MW D 80 m 600 kW 500 kW D 50 m D 40 m 50 kW 100 kW D 15 m D 20 m 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2018 2019/20 (E) Rotational Speed Fixed Partially Variable variable Rating Power Coverage: 0% 10% 30% 100% Electronics Rotor Rotor Function: Soft Starter Generator Power Control Resistance Power Control Control Roles in Power Grid Trouble Maker Self Organizer Active Contributor and Stabilizer Global installed wind capacity (until 2017): 539 GW, 2017: 52.3 GW § Higher total capacity (+50% non-hydro renewables). § Larger individual size (average 1.8 MW, up to 6-8 MW, even 12 MW). 24 § More power electronics involved (up to 100 % rating coverage). http://gwec.net/wp-content/uploads/vip/GWEC_PRstats2017_EN-003_FINAL.pdf Top 5 Wind Turbine Manufacturers & Technologies Manufacturer Concept Rotor Diameter Power Range