Annotated Bibliography of Urban Wet Weather Flow Literature from 1996 through 2000 Shirley Clark Postgraduate Research Program Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education National Risk Management Research Laboratory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Edison, NJ Robert Pitt Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Alabama Tuscaloosa, AL James Heaney and Leonard Wright Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering University of Colorado Boulder, CO Richard Field, Chi-Yuan Fan, and Thomas P. O’Connor U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Wet-Weather Flow Program Urban Watershed Management Branch Water Supply & Water Resources Division National Risk Management Research Laboratory Edison, NJ Richard N. DeGuida Clough, Harbour & Associates, LLP Syracuse, NY Abstract........................................................................................................................................................................................................3 Introduction.................................................................................................................................................................................................4 Characterization .........................................................................................................................................................................................5 General ....................................................................................................................................................................................................5 Rainfall Monitoring and Urban Hydrology.......................................................................................................................................6 Urban hydrology...............................................................................................................................................................................6 Rainfall errors and flow forecasting..............................................................................................................................................7 Urban Snowmelt ...............................................................................................................................................................................8 Stormwater Quality ...............................................................................................................................................................................8 Litter....................................................................................................................................................................................................9 Nutrients .............................................................................................................................................................................................9 Microorganisms ...............................................................................................................................................................................10 Toxicity.............................................................................................................................................................................................11 Heavy metals ...................................................................................................................................................................................11 Organic toxicants ............................................................................................................................................................................12 Particle size/settling........................................................................................................................................................................13 CSOs ......................................................................................................................................................................................................14 Solids transport in sewers..............................................................................................................................................................15 In-sewer processes ..........................................................................................................................................................................15 1 Pollution Sources .....................................................................................................................................................................................16 General Sources ...................................................................................................................................................................................16 Atmospheric .........................................................................................................................................................................................17 Roof Runoff..........................................................................................................................................................................................18 Highway and other Roadway Runoff...............................................................................................................................................18 Deicing Discharges .............................................................................................................................................................................20 Treated Wood.......................................................................................................................................................................................20 Wastewater, CSOs, and Sanitary Sewer Overflow Sources.........................................................................................................20 Inappropriate Discharges....................................................................................................................................................................21 Industrial Sources ................................................................................................................................................................................21 Specific Pollutant Sources .................................................................................................................................................................22 Litter..................................................................................................................................................................................................22 Sediment...........................................................................................................................................................................................22 Nutrients ...........................................................................................................................................................................................22 Bacteria .............................................................................................................................................................................................24 Toxicants ..........................................................................................................................................................................................24 Heavy metals ...................................................................................................................................................................................25 Organic toxicants ............................................................................................................................................................................27 Monitoring and Sampling.......................................................................................................................................................................29 Rainfall and Flow Measurement.......................................................................................................................................................31 Toxicity Testing...................................................................................................................................................................................32 Testing for Chemical Pollution and Pollution Tracers..................................................................................................................34 Biological and Microbiological Testing..........................................................................................................................................35 Surface-Water Impacts............................................................................................................................................................................36 Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen................................................................................................................................................38 Erosion, Channel Stability, and Sediment.......................................................................................................................................38 Biological Impacts...............................................................................................................................................................................39