TAXON: Alphitonia excelsa (A. SCORE: 5.0 RATING: High Risk Cunn. ex Fenzl) Reissek ex Benth. Taxon: Alphitonia excelsa (A. Cunn. ex Fenzl) Reissek ex Family: Rhamnaceae Benth. Common Name(s): Cooper's wood Synonym(s): Colubrina excelsa A. Cunn. ex Fenzl leather jacket mountain ash pink almond red almond red ash red tweedie soaptree white myrtle whiteleaf Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 19 Oct 2018 WRA Score: 5.0 Designation: H(HPWRA) Rating: High Risk Keywords: Tropical Tree, Naturalized, Pure Stands, Self-Incompatible, Bird-Dispersed Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 n outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 305 Congeneric weed 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n Creation Date: 19 Oct 2018 (Alphitonia excelsa (A. Page 1 of 19 Cunn. ex Fenzl) Reissek ex B TAXON: Alphitonia excelsa (A. SCORE: 5.0 RATING: High Risk Cunn. ex Fenzl) Reissek ex Benth. Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 402 Allelopathic 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n 405 Toxic to animals 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 n 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 n Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 y=1, n=0 y conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 y 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 n habitat 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 n 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, 4+ years = -1 2 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 y=1, n=-1 n growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 y 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 y=1, n=-1 y yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 y Creation Date: 19 Oct 2018 (Alphitonia excelsa (A. Page 2 of 19 Cunn. ex Fenzl) Reissek ex B TAXON: Alphitonia excelsa (A. SCORE: 5.0 RATING: High Risk Cunn. ex Fenzl) Reissek ex Benth. Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 biocontrol agents) Creation Date: 19 Oct 2018 (Alphitonia excelsa (A. Page 3 of 19 Cunn. ex Fenzl) Reissek ex B TAXON: Alphitonia excelsa (A. SCORE: 5.0 RATING: High Risk Cunn. ex Fenzl) Reissek ex Benth. Supporting Data: Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? n Source(s) Notes [No evidence of domestication] "Alphitonia excelsa is a very widespread and common species, occurring in eastern New South Wales, throughout much of Queensland, in the northern one-third of Bean, A. R. (2010). A revision of Alphitonia (Rhamnaceae) the Northern Territory and in the Kimberley region of Western for Australia. Muelleria, 28(1), 3-17 Australia (Fig. 1). It also occurs in southern lowland New Guinea." ͙ "Alphitonia excelsa is a very polymorphic species, but despite its huge range of variability, it has not proved possible to split any species from it or distinguish subspecies within it." 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2018. Personal Communication NA 103 Does the species have weedy races? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2018. Personal Communication NA Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Source(s) Notes "Native Asia-Tropical PAPUASIA: Indonesia, [Irian Jaya] Papua New Guinea USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. MALESIA: Indonesia, [Celebes, Kalimantan, Lesser Sunda Islands, 2018. National Plant Germplasm System [Online Moluccas] Malaysia, [Sabah, Sarawak] Philippines Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. Australasia [Accessed 16 Oct 2018] AUSTRALIA: Australia [New South Wales (e.), Queensland, Western Australia (n.), Northern Territory (n.)]" 202 Quality of climate match data High Source(s) Notes USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. 2018. National Plant Germplasm System [Online Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. [Accessed 16 Oct 2018] 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y Creation Date: 19 Oct 2018 (Alphitonia excelsa (A. Page 4 of 19 Cunn. ex Fenzl) Reissek ex B TAXON: Alphitonia excelsa (A. SCORE: 5.0 RATING: High Risk Cunn. ex Fenzl) Reissek ex Benth. Qsn # Question Answer Source(s) Notes "A shrub or tree that tolerates a wide range of soil types and climatic conditions. It is both drought-resistant and moderately tolerant of frost." ͙"A. excelsa tolerates a wide range of temperature and moisture conditions. Most of the distribution is in the warm sub- Doran, J. C. & Turnbull, J. W. 1997. Australian Trees humid climatic zone but it extends into the hot and warm humid and Shrubs: species for land rehabilitation and farm zones and into the higher rainfall regions of the warm and hot semi- planting in arid zones. There is wide variability in the monthly mean the tropics. ACIAR Monograph No. 24. Canberra, Australia temperature, the hottest being Ϯϵʹϯϴ°C. The mean minimum of the coolest month is ϯʹϴ°C. The temperature exceeds 32°C on average ϮϱʹϭϮϬdays per year, and 38°C on ϭʹϮϱdays. Frosts are absent in coastal areas and the far north, but elsewhere average ϭʹϭϴper year." Florabank. (2018). Alphitonia excelsa. "Altitude: 0-1050 metres" http://www.florabank.org.au. [Accessed 16 Oct 2018] "It grows over a wide range of climatic conditions. In more coastal areas, it grows on a range of well-drained sandy or loamy soils, Bean, A. R. (2010). A revision of Alphitonia (Rhamnaceae) usually in eucalypt forest, but sometimes on the edges of notophyll for Australia. Muelleria, 28(1), 3-17 rainforest. In drier inland areas, it is confined to low-lying areas with very sandy soils or small sheltered gorges." Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y subtropical climates Source(s) Notes "Alphitonia excelsa Reissek ex Endl. New naturalized record This tree, native to Australia and other parts of the Pacific, was first planted in the Arboretum in 1924 and was first noted as volunteering in the Lyon Arboretum 1939 annual report. It is Daehler, C. C. & Baker, R. F. 2006. New Records of characterized by ovate-elliptic leaves with white undersides, even in Naturalized and Naturalizing Plants Around Lyon the seedling stage. Damaged young shoots emit an odor of Arboretum, Mänoa Valley, O͚ahu. Bishop Museum sarsaparilla. The fruit is a bluish black drupe, ca. 1.3 cm in diameter Occasional Papers 87: 3-18 (Anderson 1947: 249). Dozens of saplings and mature trees were found in Haukulu along with hundreds of seedlings. Material examined: O͚AHU: Edge of trail in Psidium cattleianum forest, upper Haukulu, Lyon Arboretum, 3 Mar 2005, C. Daehler 1088 (BISH); Lyon Arboretum (cultivated), 16 Apr 1969, K. Nagata 534 ( BISH)." "Native Asia-Tropical USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. PAPUASIA: Indonesia, [Irian Jaya] Papua New Guinea 2018. National Plant Germplasm System [Online MALESIA: Indonesia, [Celebes, Kalimantan, Lesser Sunda Islands, Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. Moluccas] Malaysia, [Sabah, Sarawak] Philippines [Accessed 16 Oct 2018] Australasia AUSTRALIA: Australia [New South Wales (e.), Queensland, Western Australia (n.), Northern Territory (n.)]" Does the species have a history of repeated 205 n introductions outside its natural range? Source(s) Notes Creation Date: 19 Oct 2018 (Alphitonia excelsa (A. Page 5 of 19 Cunn. ex Fenzl) Reissek ex B TAXON: Alphitonia excelsa (A. SCORE: 5.0 RATING: High Risk Cunn. ex Fenzl) Reissek ex Benth. Qsn # Question Answer Daehler, C.