MAINSTREAMING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AND BIODIVERSITY INTO AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT IN EAST AFRICA TECHNICAL GUIDANCE DOCUMENT BIODIVERSITY & ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS BIODIVERSITY & ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS MAINSTREAMING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AND BIODIVERSITY INTO AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT IN EAST AFRICA Practical issues for consideration in National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans to minimize the use of agrochemicals TECHNICAL GUIDANCE DOCUMENT FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS and SECRETARIAT OF THE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY ROME, 2016 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), or of CBD concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. 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All requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and other commercial use rights should be made via www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request or addressed to [email protected]. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) Cover page picture: © FAO/Giulio Napolitano Back cover photos (left to right): © M. Kasina; © M. Kasina; © FAO/Giulio Napolitano; © B. Gemmill-Herren MAINSTREAMING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AND BIODIVERSITY INTO AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT IN EAST AFRICA TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..............................................................................................................................viii ACRONYMS ..............................................................................................................................................ix Part I Context 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 1 Defining ecosystems and ecosystem services .......................................................................... 4 About this guidance document ............................................................................................ 4 African context: challenges of sustainable agriculture and food security ................................... 5 International context: linkages to the Convention on Biological Diversity .................................. 6 Part II Using ecosystem services and biodiversity to minimize the use of agrochemicals in agricultural production in East Africa 2. PEST AND DISEASE CONTROL ............................................................................................ 11 Ecosystem services of natural pest and disease control ...........................................................14 Natural pest control practices .............................................................................................18 Challenges to adoption of agro-ecological pest control practices..............................................26 3. WEED MANAGEMENT ....................................................................................................... 29 Ecosystem services of ecological weed management ...............................................................30 Practices of ecological weed management ............................................................................33 Possibilities for using biodiversity to address weed management in agro-ecosystems ..................38 Trade-offs and synergies of ecological weed management .......................................................40 Uptake by small-scale farmers ............................................................................................40 Challenges to adoption of ecological weed management .........................................................41 iii BIODIVERSITY & ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS 4. ENHANCING SOIL FERTILITY ............................................................................................ 46 Soil quality and soil health ................................................................................................48 Ecosystem services of soil ..................................................................................................48 Management practices to sustain the multiple benefits from soil services in smallholder farming systems ..............................................................................................51 Challenges for improved soil fertility ...................................................................................55 5. WATER CONSERVATION .................................................................................................... 57 Ecosystem services related to water ....................................................................................58 Management practices to sustain multiple benefits from water-related ecosystem services ...........64 Challenges to water governance ..........................................................................................71 6. POLLINATION ................................................................................................................. 75 Economic contribution to crop production ............................................................................77 Ecosystem services related to pollination .............................................................................78 Practices to improve ecosystem services from pollinators ........................................................82 Challenges to the uptake of pollination management systems ..................................................86 7. MANAGEMENT OF AGROPASTORAL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS .................................................... 87 Ecosystem services of agropastoral systems ..........................................................................87 Practices that enhance the ecosystem services of agropastoral systems.....................................88 Challenges and opportunities of appropriate range management ..............................................91 8. FARM-LEVEL MANAGEMENT: CROP, TREE AND LIVESTOCK INTEGRATION ................................. 93 Types of diversified or integrated farming systems .................................................................94 Contribution to household incomes .....................................................................................96 Ecosystem services of integrated farming systems .................................................................97 Increasing yield of integrated crop−tree−livestock systems ................................................... 101 Opportunities and challenges in promoting integrated crop−tree−livestock systems .................. 102 9. FARMers’ traditional knoWLEDGE AND INNOVATION .....................................................105 Contribution of farmers’ traditional knowledge to agro-ecosystem services .............................. 106 Benefits and trade-offs of traditional knowledge and technologies ......................................... 109 Practices based on traditional knowledge: case study ........................................................... 110 iv MAINSTREAMING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AND BIODIVERSITY INTO AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT IN EAST AFRICA Part III Policy measures for mainstreaming ecosystem services in agriculture 10. USING POLICY TO HARNESS SYNERGIES BETWEEN CHEMICAL MANAGEMENT AND BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION: INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT ...........................................115 International policy framework ......................................................................................... 116 Above and beyond the national level: some examples of the handling of agro-ecosystem services in Europe .......................................................................................................... 117 11. NATIONAL POLICIES AND LEGISLATION SUPPORTING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES FOR AGRICULTURE IN KENYA ..........................................................................................121 Policy framework ............................................................................................................ 122 Policy instruments supporting biodiversity and ecosystem services across sectors in Kenya ........ 125 12. ADDRESSING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY STRATEGIES AND ACTION PLANS .......................................................................................................127 Representation of