REPORTING WAR AND CONFLICT IN THE 21ST CENTURY beyaz zemin turkuaz zemin zemin siyah zemin beyaz Edited by Dr. Tarek Cherkaoui siyah zemin turkuaz zemin REPORTING WAR AND CONFLICT IN THE 21ST CENTURY Edited by Dr. Tarek Cherkaoui Project Coordinator Hajira Maryam beyaz zemin siyah zemin turkuaz zemin © TRT WORLD RESEARCH CENTRE ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PUBLISHER TRT WORLD RESEARCH CENTRE APRIL 2021 REPORTING WAR AND CONFLICT IN THE 21ST CENTURY Edited by: Dr. Tarek Cherkaoui Project Coordinator: Hajira Maryam Photo Cover: Anadolu Agency Design: Ekrem US TRT WORLD İSTANBUL AHMET ADNAN SAYGUN STREET NO:83 34347 ULUS, BEŞİKTAŞ İSTANBUL / TURKEY www.trtworld.com TRT WORLD LONDON PORTLAND HOUSE 4 GREAT PORTLAND STREET NO:4 LONDON / UNITED KINGDOM www.trtworld.com TRT WORLD WASHINGTON D.C. 1620 I STREET NW, 10TH FLOOR, SUITE 1000, 20006 WASHINGTON DC / UNITED STATES www.trtworld.com researchcentre.trtworld.com www.trtworld.com Printed by: HERMES TANITIM OFSET BASKI HİZ. KAG. LTD. ŞTİ. BÜYÜK SANAYİ 1. CAD. NO: 105 İSKİTLER / ANKARA Certificate Number: 47869 ISBN: ????????? REPORTING WAR AND CONFLICT IN THE 21ST CENTURY Edited by Dr. Tarek Cherkaoui Project Coordinator Hajira Maryam beyaz zemin siyah zemin turkuaz zemin REPORTING WAR 4 AND CONFLICT IN THE 21ST CENTURY FOREWORD This book on war coverage by the TRT World Research Centre is an invaluable addition to the literature on the topic. The book’s personal and enlightening perspectives display a different side of conflicts and their many dynamics to the reader. This is especially so because of the fact that reporting on wars has always been a precarious endeavour, a fact that has still not stopped TRT World journalists from scouring the globe to deliver their journalistic mission. They have been to many di- verse battlegrounds, including but not limited to: Syria, Palestine, Lib- ya, Azerbaijan and Afghanistan. These countries have suffered from enduring conflicts that have unfortunately led to countless deaths and widespread destruction, with some conflicts having no end in sight. The journalists’ primary purpose has been to report on the human sto- ries that are oft-forgotten in the quagmire of war, with ordinary civilians taking the brunt of the impact. War coverage is not a passive process, and many aspects are required to ensure that it is conducted responsibly. A narrative needs to be con- structed, and TRT World journalists work tirelessly to discover the facts and define fast-moving events faithfully for their viewers. This is an im- portant facet that characterises TRT World’s overall aim of contributing “to the narrative of how stories are told and to provide new perspectives of thought”. How events affect people on the ground are critical, with TRT World putting an “emphasis on the humanitarian angle of each REPORTING WAR AND CONFLICT IN THE 21ST CENTURY 5 story, prioritising how the event influences the people rather than the stakeholders”. This book embodies those sentiments. In it, journalists have documented their personal experiences in war reporting, hoping to inform readers of the effects of their coverage and the potential ob- stacles that can arise. The characteristics of an individual journalist can also be important in war coverage. The personality, experience, education, and location of the journalist, all play a role in how a story is reported. Likewise, their knowledge of the social, cultural, and political background of the con- flict, can help improve the standard of their journalism. As they be- come more abreast of the many nuances, they distinguish which stories are urgent and how to sift through the many sources of information. Countless risks are taken every day, and their bravery is only equipoised by their desire to perform their jobs effectively. Each journalist makes tremendous sacrifices when attempting to inform viewers on develop- ments, including the high risk of becoming collateral damage in wars where often no one is held accountable. It is an admirable and chal- lenging career, but it is also one that is pivotal and indispensable. By showing events on both sides, the international community is better informed to take proactive measures to bring an end to wars that have devastating consequences. This book is also an effort to display the lessons learned by TRT World journalists, and to offer recommendations for news media outlets on best practice. Conflicts occur in complex regions where nuance is crit- ical, and some media often fail to provide a balanced and faithful view of developments. Western coverage can be tainted by orientalist or jingoistic undercurrents, while regional outlets can sometimes resort REPORTING WAR 6 AND CONFLICT IN THE 21ST CENTURY to binary constructions that neglect the facts. Conversely, TRT World journalists aim to go beyond the established agendas and the contest of narratives by using their journalistic acumen to report events as they truly occur. This book can help aspiring war correspondents under- stand the multifaceted nature of war coverage, and be better prepared for their own deployments. This can be rewarding, as there will always be a place for objective reporting, especially in the current environ- ment where false or misleading information is pervasive. Overall, war coverage is a crucial part of journalism. This book exhibits the personal experiences of TRT World journalists as they went about their jobs in different countries, and it also serves as an educational as- sessment of the various dynamics of war. That they aim for objectivity in their coverage is a testament to their desire for ethical journalism, and it is likewise a demonstration of TRT World’s aim of facilitating hon- est perspectives, alongside war’s humanitarian angle. Ultimately, this book is a valuable addition to the literature on the topic, benefitting casual readers, aspiring war correspondents, and policymakers alike. İbrahim Eren, Director General and Chairman of TRT REPORTING WAR AND CONFLICT IN THE 21ST CENTURY 7 PREFACE This book, compiled by the TRT World Research Centre, emphasises the importance of war coverage. It is a compilation of different personal ac- counts of TRT World journalists in their experience covering conflicts, such as in Syria or Kashmir. In providing a voice for the voiceless, TRT World journalists endeavour under dangerous conditions to uncover the truth behind the conflicts of today. There are many victims of war, and the consequences need to be highlighted through responsible journal- ism that allows viewers to be better informed. This is an indispensable role as it allows for the unravelling of events and provides a basis for the international community to understand and react to developments on the ground. Objectivity is crucial for journalists attempting to faithfully report on conflict and its various dynamics. As a result, TRT World journalists aim to ensure that any potential biases are removed to provide an accurate view into fast-moving events, allowing the audience to make up their own minds. This is a fact that our team prides themselves in, as there will always be a place for journalism that is uninhibited by distorted agen- das. Furthermore, the phenomenon of fake news, while not novel, has grown at a tremendous rate due to the proliferation of unaccountable mediums such as social media. This has only increased the importance of objectivity and news that represents events on the ground as they happen, and not how the outlet would have preferred them to happen. The main aim of TRT World has been, and always will be, the delivery of high-quality journalism. The media environment has never been as competitive as it is today, increasing the value of outlets which offer ex- REPORTING WAR 8 AND CONFLICT IN THE 21ST CENTURY cellent and truthful coverage. While war conditions are particularly diffi- cult for journalists to gather reliable information safely, our team sees no obstacle that is too challenging. Indeed, the pressure has only led TRT World journalists to new heights to cover the world’s many conflicts. This book exhibits that, and is an exceptional and personal testament to the many aspects that go into war coverage. TRT World is an award-winning public broadcaster that acknowledges the value of an informed citizenry. It is one of the requirements of a co- hesive society, and TRT World does its part by covering pertinent news every day. While media has become over-commercialised, TRT World strives to offer its viewers comprehensive and informative coverage that is free from the market forces from which many suffer. Increased knowl- edge that is rooted in an accurate understanding of current politics and policy also helps build a civic nation. Overall, TRT World presents this book on war coverage as an invaluable contribution to the literature on the discourse. The unprecedented in- sights of journalists from the ground makes for an instructive read, with the consequences of war well defined. While this may not stop future conflicts from developing, decisions that have a wide-reaching impact should never be taken lightly moving forward. Pınar Kandemir, Director of Research and Training REPORTING WAR AND CONFLICT IN THE 21ST CENTURY 9 Foreword 4 Preface 7 Editor’s Note 10 Covering Palestine (1999-2013) 18 by Bora Bayraktar Syria’s Swan Song 40 by Shamim Chowdhury Reporting Syria 66 by Sara Firth Reporting Afghanistan 82 by Tanya Goudsouzian The Last Prayer: Surviving Christchurch Massacre 104 by Ali Mustafa Reporting Kashmir, a Forgotten Conflict 132 by Baba Umar Contributors 152 References 156 REPORTING WAR 10 AND CONFLICT IN THE 21ST CENTURY EDITOR’S NOTE Over the past forty years, global news television has been a critical fea- ture of media coverage, particularly when it comes to war coverage. Large audience segments still rely on global news television as a central conduit to obtain their news and shape their worldviews.