¢¡¤£¦¥¦§¦¨©§ ¦ ¦¦¡¤¥¦ ¦¦ ¥¦§ ¦ ¦ ¨© ¦¡¤¥¦¦¦¦¡¤¨©¥ ¨©¦¡¤¨© ¦¥¦§¦¦¥¦ ¦¦¦ ¦¦¥¦¦¨©§¦ ¦!#" ¦$¦¥¦ %¤©¥¦¦¥¦©¨©¦§ &' ¦¦ () ¦§¦¡¤¨©¡*¦¡¤¥ ,+- ¦¦¨© ./¦ ¦ ¦¦¦¥ ¦ ¦ ./¨©¡¤¥ ¦¦¡¤ ¦¥¦0#1 ¦¨©¥¦¦§¦¨©¡¤ ,2 ¦¥¦ ¦£¦¦¦¥ ¦0#%¤¥¦$3¦¦¦¦46555 Introduction ThisistheEnglishtranslationofmymaster’sthesisoncomputergamesandinteractivefiction. Duringtranslation,Ihavetriedtoreproducemyoriginalthesisratherfaithfully.Thethesiswas completedinFebruary1999,andtodayImaynotcompletelyagreewithallconclusionsorpresup- positionsinthetext,butIthinkitcontinuestopresentaclearstandpointontherelationbetween gamesandnarratives. Version0.92. Copenhagen,April2001. JesperJuul Tableofcontents INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................................... 1 THEORYONCOMPUTERGAMES ................................................................................................................................ 2 THEUTOPIAOFINTERACTIVEFICTION...................................................................................................................... 2 THECONFLICTBETWEENGAMEANDNARRATIVE ...................................................................................................... 3 INTERACTIVEFICTIONINPRACTICE........................................................................................................................... 4 THELUREOFTHEGAME........................................................................................................................................... 4 TOREADACOMPUTERGAME.................................................................................................................................... 5 METHOD ................................................................................................................................................................. 5 THESTRUCTUREOFTHISTEXT ................................................................................................................................. 6 THEHISTORYOFTHECOMPUTERGAME...................................................................................................... 7 INTERACTIVEFICTION:UTOPIAANDGENRE .............................................................................................................. 9 Therhetoricofinteractivefiction...................................................................................................................... 10 BrendaLaurelandJanetMurray...................................................................................................................... 12 THEORETICALINTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................... 14 COMPUTERGAMES................................................................................................................................................. 14 INTERACTIVITY ..................................................................................................................................................... 16 GEORGEP.LANDOW ............................................................................................................................................. 17 ESPENAARSETH.................................................................................................................................................... 19 LITERARYPRECURSORS ......................................................................................................................................... 21 ADanishangle................................................................................................................................................. 23 Astrologyandcut-up ........................................................................................................................................ 24 ATHEORYOFTHECOMPUTERGAME .......................................................................................................... 26 THESTRUCTUREOFTHEGAME ..................................................................................................................... 26 ANARRATIVEMEDIUM?......................................................................................................................................... 27 Frommovietogame:StarWars ....................................................................................................................... 28 TIME,GAMEANDNARRATIVE................................................................................................................................. 29 Storytime,narrativetime,andreadingtime ..................................................................................................... 30 Timeinthecomputergame............................................................................................................................... 30 Ishappening:Thenowofliterature .................................................................................................................. 32 Thetemporaldifference.................................................................................................................................... 33 SEQUENCE............................................................................................................................................................. 34 AMODELOFNON-LINEARTEXTS............................................................................................................................ 35 THENARRATIVEFRAMEINACOMPUTERGAME ....................................................................................................... 36 ThenarrativeframeinSpaceInvaders.............................................................................................................. 36 Themeaningoftheframe ................................................................................................................................. 38 THENARRATOR ..................................................................................................................................................... 40 Isthisyourdoing?............................................................................................................................................ 40 THEPLAYERANDTHEGAME.......................................................................................................................... 42 EMPATHYANDIDENTIFICATION ............................................................................................................................. 43 Theactant ........................................................................................................................................................ 44 Theeyeoftheactant......................................................................................................................................... 46 Theinvisibleactorandtheabstractgame ......................................................................................................... 47 Thebodyandthemotorskills ........................................................................................................................... 48 Gameandcognition ......................................................................................................................................... 50 DESIRE.................................................................................................................................................................. 50 DEATH:HIERARCHIESOFKNOWLEDGE................................................................................................................... 51 REPEATABILITY..................................................................................................................................................... 52 READINGS:SIXVERSIONSOFACONFLICT.................................................................................................. 54 READINGACOMPUTERGAME................................................................................................................................. 54 Method............................................................................................................................................................. 55 MYST.................................................................................................................................................................... 55 Theplayerandtheinterface ............................................................................................................................. 56 Narrationandtime........................................................................................................................................... 57 Programandmaterial ...................................................................................................................................... 58 INTERMEZZO:THEPLACEMENTOFTHEPLAYER ...................................................................................................... 59 DOOM ................................................................................................................................................................... 61 Temporality...................................................................................................................................................... 61 Identification...................................................................................................................................................
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